Malaria Vectorial System and New Vector Control Tools In Southeast Asia

疟疾是东南亚最重要的病媒传播疾病。据估计，该地区 占全球疟疾发病率的30%，占全球死亡率的8%。该地区疟疾流行病学的特点是恶性疟和间日疟发病率的时空异质性高，存在不同的病媒物种，对寄生虫具有不同的媒介能力。 具有不同生物学特性和媒介能力的多种媒介物种的同域分布 使我们对疟疾传播的理解复杂化，阻碍了疟疾控制工作。目前，经拟除虫菊酯处理的蚊帐和使用拟除虫菊酯的室内残留喷洒是该区域的主要病媒控制工具。然而，杀虫剂耐药性和药物耐药性的演变和传播降低了这些工具的效力。因此，了解病媒系统和开发新的病媒控制和抗药性监测工具至关重要。该项目的总体目标是了解中国、泰国和研究最少的缅甸不同生态和流行病学环境中的病媒系统，并开发新的病媒控制工具，以减少疟疾传播。为实现这些目标，我们制定了五个具体目标：1）确定疟疾媒介的群落结构和人为环境变化对媒介群落结构的影响; 2）研究主要疟疾媒介物种的种群遗传结构和生物学特性; 3）开发新的基于嗅觉的疟疾媒介控制和传播监测工具;（4）研究一种新的微生物杀幼虫剂和昆虫病原真菌制剂在控制成蚊方面的可行性;（5）确定拟除虫菊酯的抗药性机制，并为该地区的主要疟疾病媒开发抗药性监测工具。我们相信，从这个项目中获得的新知识和新工具将大大有助于东南亚的疟疾控制计划。

Malaria is the most important vector-borne disease in Southeast Asia. It is estimated that the region accounts for 30% of the global malaria morbidity and 8% of the global mortality. Malaria epidemiology in this region is characterized by high spatial and temporal heterogeneity in falciparum and vivax malaria incidences, and by the presence of diverse vector species with different vectorial capacities for the parasites. The sympatric occurrence of multiple vector species with distinct bionomics and vectorial capacity complicates our understanding of malaria transmission and hinders malaria control efforts. Currentiy, pyrethroid insecticide-treated nets and pyrethroid-based indoor residual spray are the primary vector control tools in the region. However, the evolution and spread of insecticide resistance and drug resistance reduce the efficacy of these tools. Therefore, understanding the vectorial system and developing new vector control and resistance monitoring tools are of paramount importance. The overarching objectives of this project are to understand the vectorial system in diverse ecological and epidemiological settings in China, Thailand and least studied Myanmar, and to develop new vector control tools to reduce malaria transmission. To achieve these objectives, we have developed five specific aims: 1) to determine community structure of malaria vectors and the impact of anthropogenic environmental changes on vector community structure; 2) to examine the populafion genefic structure and bionomics of major malaria vector species; 3) to develop new olfacfion-based tools for control and transmission surveillance of the major malaria vectors; 4) to examine the ufility of a new formulafion of microbial larvicide and entomopathogenic fungi for adult mosquito control; and 5) to determine pyrethroid resistance mechanisms and develop resistance monitoring tools for the major malaria vectors in the region. We anficipate the new knowledge and new tools from this project will greatly contribute to the malaria control program in Southeast Asia.