Environmental Modifications in sub-Saharan Africa: Changing Epidemiology, Transmission and Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria

撒哈拉以南非洲的环境变化：不断变化的流行病学， 恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的传播和发病机制 节目概要 长期饥饿、粮食不安全和饥荒继续影响着亚撒哈拉以南非洲数百万居民， 撒哈拉非洲。非洲国家的大多数人依赖雨养农业， 这些人口易受干旱和饥荒的影响。建造水坝和启动农村 灌溉计划被广泛认为是粮食安全的关键解决方案， 干旱地区的经济增长。在过去十年中，撒哈拉以南非洲 各国都经历了一个新的时代，大型水坝建设和扩大灌溉 农业农场。这些环境变化可能会产生不可预见的生态 对人类健康产生不利影响的后果。然而，迄今为止， 基础或转化研究，以评估水资源开发的影响， 改变农业做法对疟疾生态系统的影响以及随之而来的 疟疾的流行病学、传播和发病机制。为了解决主要知识 面对严峻的环境挑战，在控制和消除疟疾方面的差距和挑战 在撒哈拉以南非洲的修改，我们的ICEMR建立了一个财团， 来自美国、澳大利亚、肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚的研究机构和研究人员， 对全球控制和消除疟疾工作，特别是对 大非洲之角的国家。ICEMR项目的总体目标是 评估人类引起的环境变化的影响，如水坝 建筑、灌溉和改变农业做法对流行病学的影响， 恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的传播、致病和免疫 在人口稠密的肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚， 正在开展资源开发项目。ICEMR有三个项目， 多个具体目标。项目1将评估环境影响 水资源开发项目对恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的影响 在分子、个人、实地和人口各级开展疟疾流行病学研究。项目2将 研究环境改变对病媒生态和传播的影响， 其成果将为新的病媒综合控制办法提供信息。项目3旨在 确定环境改变对疟疾发病机理和免疫力的影响 通过阐明对有症状的疟疾易感性的免疫机制， 评估对配子体的体液免疫。行政和数据管理 核心将为整个计划提供支持。从ICEMR中获得的知识是 对于疟疾控制很重要，不仅对于所研究的两个研究国家，而且对于 非洲其他地区容易发生干旱、饥荒和大规模人口 运动

Environmental Modifications in sub-Saharan Africa: Changing Epidemiology, Transmission and Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria PROGRAM SUMMARY Chronic hunger, food insecurity and famine continue to affect millions of residents of sub- Saharan Africa. Most people in African countries depend on rain-fed agriculture, making these populations vulnerable to drought and famine. Construction of dams and initiating rural irrigation schemes has been widely recognized as key solutions to food security and economic growth in drought prone regions. In the past decade, sub-Saharan African countries have experienced a new era of large dam constructions and expansion of irrigated agricultural farms. These environmental changes may have unforeseen ecologic consequences that adversely affect human health. However, to date there has been limited basic or translational research to evaluate the impact of water resource development and shifting agricultural practices on malaria ecosystems and attendant changes in the epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis of malaria. To address the major knowledge gaps and challenges in malaria control and elimination in the face of drastic environmental modifications in sub-Saharan Africa, our ICEMR established a consortium with outstanding institutions and investigators from the US, Australia, Kenya and Ethiopia to study scientific questions important to the global malaria control and elimination effort, especially to the countries in the Greater Horn of Africa. The overarching goal of this ICEMR project is to assess the impact of human-induced environmental modifications such as dam construction, irrigation and shifting agricultural practices on the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis and immunology of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in highly populated Kenya and Ethiopia where major investments in water resource development projects are taking place. The ICEMR has three projects, each with multiple specific objectives. Project 1 will assess the impact of environmental modifications from water resource development projects on P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemiology at the molecular, individual, field and population levels. Project 2 will examine the impact of environmental modifications on vector ecology and transmission, the outcomes of which will inform new integrated vector control approaches. Project 3 aims to determine the impact of environmental modifications on malaria pathogenesis and immunity by elucidating the immune mechanisms underlying susceptibility to symptomatic malaria and evaluating humoral immunity to gametocytes. The administrative and data management cores will provide support to the entire program. Knowledge gained from this ICEMR is important to malaria control, not only for the two study countries studied, but also to other regions of Africa prone to drought, famine, and large scale human population movement.