Environmental Modifications in sub-Saharan Africa: Changing Epidemiology, Transmission and Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria

撒哈拉以南非洲的环境变化：改变流行病学， 恶性疟和间日疟的传播和致病机制 计划摘要 长期饥饿、粮食不安全和饥荒继续影响着次区域数百万居民。 撒哈拉非洲。非洲国家的大多数人依赖雨水灌溉的农业，使 这些人口容易受到干旱和饥荒的影响。筑坝兴农 灌溉计划已被广泛认为是解决粮食安全和 干旱易发地区的经济增长。在过去的十年里，撒哈拉以南非洲 各国经历了修建大型水坝和扩大灌溉的新时代。 农业农场。这些环境变化可能会产生不可预见的生态 对人类健康造成不利影响的后果。然而，到目前为止， 评估水资源开发的影响的基础研究或转化性研究 改变疟疾生态系统的农业做法和随之而来的变化 疟疾的流行病学、传播和发病机制。要解决主要知识 面对严峻的环境形势，控制和消除疟疾方面的差距和挑战 在撒哈拉以南非洲的修改，我们的ICEMR建立了一个联盟，与杰出的 来自美国、澳大利亚、肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚的机构和研究人员研究科学 对全球疟疾控制和消除努力很重要的问题，特别是对 大非洲之角的国家。ICEMR项目的总体目标是 评估人类引起的环境变化的影响，如大坝 建设、灌溉和转移农业实践的流行病学， 恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的传播、发病机制及免疫学研究 人口稠密的肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚的疟疾，这些国家在水方面进行了重大投资 资源开发项目正在进行中。ICEMR有三个项目，每个项目 具有多个具体目标。项目1将评估环境影响 水资源开发项目对恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫的改造 分子、个人、现场和人口层面的疟疾流行病学。项目2将 研究环境变化对媒介生态和传播的影响， 其结果将为新的综合病媒控制方法提供依据。项目3旨在 确定环境改变对疟疾发病和免疫的影响 通过阐明对症状性疟疾易感性的免疫机制 评价配子细胞的体液免疫。管理和数据管理 核心将为整个计划提供支持。从这次ICEMR中获得的知识是 对疟疾控制很重要，不仅对被研究的两个国家，而且对 非洲其他易受干旱、饥荒和大规模人口影响的地区 有动静。

Environmental Modifications in sub-Saharan Africa: Changing Epidemiology, Transmission and Pathogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria PROGRAM SUMMARY Chronic hunger, food insecurity and famine continue to affect millions of residents of sub- Saharan Africa. Most people in African countries depend on rain-fed agriculture, making these populations vulnerable to drought and famine. Construction of dams and initiating rural irrigation schemes has been widely recognized as key solutions to food security and economic growth in drought prone regions. In the past decade, sub-Saharan African countries have experienced a new era of large dam constructions and expansion of irrigated agricultural farms. These environmental changes may have unforeseen ecologic consequences that adversely affect human health. However, to date there has been limited basic or translational research to evaluate the impact of water resource development and shifting agricultural practices on malaria ecosystems and attendant changes in the epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis of malaria. To address the major knowledge gaps and challenges in malaria control and elimination in the face of drastic environmental modifications in sub-Saharan Africa, our ICEMR established a consortium with outstanding institutions and investigators from the US, Australia, Kenya and Ethiopia to study scientific questions important to the global malaria control and elimination effort, especially to the countries in the Greater Horn of Africa. The overarching goal of this ICEMR project is to assess the impact of human-induced environmental modifications such as dam construction, irrigation and shifting agricultural practices on the epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis and immunology of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax malaria in highly populated Kenya and Ethiopia where major investments in water resource development projects are taking place. The ICEMR has three projects, each with multiple specific objectives. Project 1 will assess the impact of environmental modifications from water resource development projects on P. falciparum and P. vivax malaria epidemiology at the molecular, individual, field and population levels. Project 2 will examine the impact of environmental modifications on vector ecology and transmission, the outcomes of which will inform new integrated vector control approaches. Project 3 aims to determine the impact of environmental modifications on malaria pathogenesis and immunity by elucidating the immune mechanisms underlying susceptibility to symptomatic malaria and evaluating humoral immunity to gametocytes. The administrative and data management cores will provide support to the entire program. Knowledge gained from this ICEMR is important to malaria control, not only for the two study countries studied, but also to other regions of Africa prone to drought, famine, and large scale human population movement.