Project 2: Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals, Diet and Gonadal Toxicity (Flaws)

胎儿和青少年每天都暴露在双酚A （BPA）、邻苯二甲酸盐和高脂肪饮食中。这是值得关注的，因为这种暴露会改变性腺的发育和功能，导致不育和/或生殖过早衰老。BPA、邻苯二甲酸盐和高脂肪饮食对性腺发育和功能产生不利影响的机制尚不清楚，但可能与氧化应激和表观遗传修饰有关。初步研究表明，双酚a引起性腺发育异常，双酚a和邻苯二甲酸盐通过氧化应激途径抑制卵巢细胞生长并诱导死亡，高脂肪饮食降低雌性小鼠的生育能力。拟议的研究将通过测试BPA、邻苯二甲酸盐和高脂肪饮食暴露相互作用增加发育和青春期性腺氧化应激的假设来扩展这些发现，从而导致不育、早期生殖衰老以及对后代生育能力的跨代影响。为了验证这一假设，将完成以下具体目标：1)确定高脂肪饮食和双酚a /邻苯二甲酸盐/邻苯二甲酸盐混合物暴露是否会增加雌性和雄性小鼠性腺的氧化应激，2)确定高脂肪饮食和双酚a /邻苯二甲酸盐/邻苯二甲酸盐混合物暴露是否会破坏生殖细胞并引起已知的表观遗传变化，从而降低雌性和雄性小鼠性腺的生殖细胞质量。3)确定高脂肪饮食和BPA/邻苯二甲酸盐/邻苯二甲酸盐混合物暴露是否会导致小鼠第一代和后代的不育和早期生殖衰老。为了完成这些特定的目标，生殖腺或小鼠将在胚胎、新生儿和青少年时期暴露于双酚a、邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯或邻苯二甲酸酯混合物中。在选定的时间，生殖腺或小鼠将接受氧化应激和炎症、DNA甲基化状态的表观遗传变化、生育能力和生殖衰老年龄的测量。总的来说，拟议的工作将确定所选择的化学物质和高脂肪饮食对性腺发育和功能产生不利影响的机制，以及化学/饮食在不同发育阶段诱导的性腺毒性是否会导致成人及其后代的不育和生殖过早衰老。

Fetuses and adolescents are exposed to bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, and high fat diets daily. This is of concern because such exposures can alter the development and function ofthe gonads, leading to infertility and/or premature reproductive senescence. The mechanisms by which BPA, phthalates, and high fat diet adversely affect gonadal development and function are unclear, but likely involve oxidative stress and epigenetic modifications. Preliminary studies indicate that BPA causes abnormal gonadal development, BPA and phthalates inhibit growth and induce death of ovarian cells through oxidative stress pathways, and high fat diet reduces female fertility in mice. The proposed studies will expand these findings by testing the hypothesis that BPA, phthalates, and high fat diet exposure interact to increase oxidative stress in developing and adolescent gonads, leading to infertility, early reproductive senescence, and transgenerational effects on fertility in the offspring. To test this hypothesis, the following specific aims will be completed: 1) determine if high fat diet and BPA/phthalate/phthalate mixture exposure increase oxidative stress in the gonads of female and male mice, 2) determine if high fat diet and BPA/phthalate/phthalate mixture exposure destroy germ cells and cause epigenetic changes known to reduce germ cell quality in the gonads of female and male mice, and 3) determine if high fat diet and BPA/phthalate/phthalate mixture exposure cause infertility and early reproductive senescence in the first and subsequent generations in mice. To complete these specific aims, gonads or mice will be exposed to BPA, diethylhexyl phthalate, or phthalate mixture during embryonic, neonatal, and adolescent life. At selected times, the gonads or mice will be subjected to measurements of oxidative stress and inflammation, epigenetic changes in DNA methylation status, fertility, and age at reproductive senescence. Collectively, the proposed work will determine the mechanishis by which the selected chemicals and high fat diet adversely affect the development and function ofthe gonads and whether chemical/diet-induced gonadal toxicity at different stages of development leads to infertility and premature reproductive senescence in adults and their offspring.