Water disinfection by-products and female fertility

饮用水消毒是20世纪一项重要的公共卫生成就，因为 它大大减少了因饮用受污染的水而死亡和患病的人数。这个 然而，消毒过程导致水消毒副产物(DBPs)的产生， 在许多系统中都与毒性有关。二溴联苯的一种主要化学类别包括卤代乙酸酯。 酸(HAAs)，如碘乙酸(IAA)、溴乙酸(BAA)和氯乙酸(CAA)。 尽管之前的研究表明，一些HAA暴露与癌症风险增加有关， 成人接触IAA、BAA和CAA对卵巢和卵巢的影响几乎一无所知。 女性生育能力。很重要的一点是要确定成人接触卤代烷是否会导致卵巢毒性。 因为女性每天都会接触到HAAS，而卵巢毒性往往会导致女性不育或 不孕不育。因此，我们研究了IAA、BAA和CAA对卵巢主要功能单位的影响。 有腔卵泡。我们的初步数据表明，与环境相关的IAA、BAA和CAA水平 显著抑制有腔卵泡的生长和有腔卵泡的产卵能力 类固醇激素雌二醇(E2)。卵泡生长缓慢和低E2水平令人担忧，因为它们 与闭锁增加(卵泡死亡)和不孕不育有关。尽管初步数据显示 所选择的HA可能会降低生育率，但他们不会直接确定情况是否如此，因为 它们是从体外研究中获得的。因此，拟议研究的目标是检验这一假设 IAA、BAA和CAA导致卵巢中的基因/蛋白质变化，从而导致女性不育/不育。 为了验证他的假设，这些研究将：1)确定HAAs(IAA、BAA和CAA)是否以及如何抑制 卵巢卵泡生长和导致女性不孕不育和2)确定 HAAs(IAA、BAA和CAA)的改变，并确定它们与改变的卵泡生长和女性的关系 不育/不育。这将是第一项研究成人接触卤代烃对人体健康的影响。 卵巢和女性生育能力。因此，它将开辟一个新的研究领域，这对于帮助确定 所选的HAAs是否对女性生殖健康构成危害，是否应考虑 成年女性使用的规定。

The disinfection of drinking water was an important public health achievement of the 20th century because it significantly reduced the numbers of deaths and illnesses from drinking contaminated water. The disinfection process, however, leads to the production of water disinfection by-products (DBPs), which have been linked to toxicity in numerous systems. A major chemical class of DBPs includes the haloacetic acids (HAAs) such as iodoacetic acid (IAA), bromoacetic acid (BAA), and chloroacetic acid (CAA). Although previous studies indicate that some HAA exposures are associated with increased cancer risk, virtually nothing is known about the effects of adult exposure to IAA, BAA, and CAA on the ovary and female fertility. It is important to determine whether adult exposure to HAAs causes ovarian toxicity because women are exposed to HAAs daily, and ovarian toxicity often leads to female subfertility or infertility. Thus, we examined the effects of IAA, BAA, and CAA on the main functional unit of the ovary, the antral follicle. Our preliminary data indicate that environmentally relevant levels of IAA, BAA, and CAA significantly inhibit growth of antral ovarian follicles and the ability of antral follicles to produce the sex steroid hormone estradiol (E2). Slow follicle growth and low E2 levels are of concern because they are linked to increased atresia (death of follicles) and subfertility/infertility. Although preliminary data suggest that the selected HAAs may reduce fertility, they do not directly determine whether this is the case because they were obtained from in vitro studies. Thus, the goal of the proposed studies is to test the hypothesis that IAA, BAA, and CAA lead to gene/protein changes in the ovary to cause female subfertility/infertility. To test his hypothesis, these studies will: 1) determine whether and how HAAs (IAA, BAA, and CAA) inhibit ovarian follicle growth and cause female subfertility/infertility and 2) identify the molecular factors that are altered by HAAs (IAA, BAA, and CAA) and determine their relationship to altered follicle growth and female subfertility/infertility. This will be the first work to examine the effects of adult exposure to HAAs on the ovary and female fertility. As such, it will open a new area of research, which is critical for helping determine whether the selected HAAs are female reproductive health hazards and should be considered for regulation of use in adult women.