Homeless Female Offenders Returning to the Community: Improving Hopeful Futures

无家可归的女性罪犯重返社区：改善充满希望的未来

• 批准号: 9276167
• 负责人: Adeline M Nyamathi
• 金额: $ 1.9万
• 依托单位: UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES
• 依托单位国家: 美国
• 财政年份: 2014
• 资助国家: 美国
• 起止时间: 2014-06-01 至 2016-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/9276167
• 关键词: Address; Adherence; Alcohol consumption; Amphetamines; Behavior; California; Caring; Case Manager; Chronic; Client; Communities; County; Crack Cocaine; Crime; Criminal Justice; Depressed mood; Drug usage; Drug user; Enrollment; Feeling; Feeling hopeless; Female; Focus Groups; Foundations; Future; Gender; General Population; HIV Infections; Health; Health Promotion; Homeless persons; Homelessness; Housing; Imprisonment; Injecting drug user; Intervention; Knowledge; Lead; Los Angeles; Low Prevalence; Marijuana; Measures; Mental Depression; Mental disorders; Mentors; Mentorship; Nurses; Occupations; Opiates; Participant; Patient Self-Report; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Pharmacotherapy; Phase; Population; Prevalence; Randomized; Randomized Clinical Trials; Recording of previous events; Recovery; Relapse; Reporting; Research; Research Personnel; Risk; Risk Behaviors; San Francisco; Sexual Partners; Sexual abuse; Sexually Transmitted Diseases; Social Health Services; Testing; Unemployment; United States; Universities; Woman; addiction; base; cohort; coping; design; deter alcohol use; drug abuse prevention; emotional distress; empowerment; experience; follow-up; health care availability; high risk; housing instability; improved; innovation; intervention program; male; men; novel; offender; parolee; peer; peer coaching; peer support; prevent; probation; probationer; programs; recidivism; reduced alcohol use; reincarceration; role model; self esteem; sex; skills; skills training; social stigma; success; therapy design; treatment program

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): In the last decade, the numbers of incarcerated females has tripled, making women the most rapidly growing group of offenders in the United States. When compared to incarcerated males, female offenders have a higher rate of being sentenced for drug crimes; moreover, they are often injection drug users (IDUs), have sexual partners who are IDUs, and are often forced into the sex trade for survival. As many as 50 percent of female offenders report physical and/or sexual abuse; further, traumatic abuse, chronic emotional distress, and internalized stigma resulting from being a felon and a drug-user, have a profound effect on the women's self-esteem, leading to feelings of hopelessness and depression, delayed recovery and reintegration, increased risky behaviors, and health concerns. Not surprisingly, women who have been incarcerated are nearly twice as likely to experience mental illness compared with non-offending women; further, 44 percent recidivate within a year due to possession of a controlled substance. In particular, among homeless female offenders (HFOs), both parolees and probationers report ongoing challenges for successful re-entry. These include unstable housing, disorganized lives, unemployment, and limited access to health and social services. While the Los Angeles County Department of Probation has provided guidance for successful programs in its California Blueprint Master Plan for Female Offenders, the suggested strategies of enhancing empowerment, positive coping, and job skills, and providing peer-mentored approaches have not yet been implemented or evaluated. In Phase I of this R34, our team of University of California Los Angeles, San Francisco, and Irvine researchers plan to utilize our successful community participatory approaches to refine a gender-sensitive criminogenic needs - focused intervention program, Female Ex-Offender Mentoring in Care (FEM-CARE), with the help of a community advisory board, composed of HFOs and addiction staff; and finalize strategies which will be validated by focus group sessions with HFOs. In Phase II, we will randomize 130 HFOs participating in one of two residential drug treatment programs to assess the impact of the FEM-CARE or a Health Promotion control program on reduction of drug and alcohol use and recidivism. This study is based upon our team's history of promoting theoretically-based, culturally- sensitive nurse-led interventions that are enriched with criminal justice theoretical perspectives, and have resulted in significant reductions in drug and alcohol use among homeless persons, many of whom have had a history of incarceration. Our most recent successes in engaging male parolees in nurse-supported peer mentorship, our team's expertise in enhancing stigma reduction among vulnerable women, and our criminal justice experts have informed this study. Finally, recent formative research with HFOs has revealed a desire for peer role models to support and enhance knowledge of and access to healthcare, promote positive coping, stable housing, and job skills, and to reduce stigma and depressed mood; all of these factors can result in novel programs designed to prevent drug and alcohol use and reduce recidivism. This foundation and strong community support garnered has led to the design of our proposed intervention program.

描述（由申请人提供）：在过去十年中，被监禁的女性人数增加了两倍，使女性成为美国增长最快的犯罪群体。与被监禁的男性相比，女性罪犯因毒品犯罪被判刑的比例更高；此外，他们往往是注射吸毒者（IDU），其性伴侣也是IDU，并且常常被迫从事性交易以求生存。多达 50% 的女性罪犯报告称遭受过身体虐待和/或性虐待；此外，创伤性虐待、长期情绪困扰以及作为重罪犯和吸毒者所造成的内在耻辱对妇女的自尊产生深远影响，导致绝望和抑郁感、延迟康复和重返社会、增加危险行为和健康问题。毫不奇怪，被监禁的女性患精神疾病的可能性是没有犯罪的女性的近两倍。此外，44% 的人因持有受管制物质而在一年内再次犯罪。特别是，在无家可归的女性罪犯 (HFO) 中，假释犯和缓刑犯都表示，成功重返监狱面临着持续的挑战。其中包括不稳定的住房、混乱的生活、失业以及获得医疗和社会服务的机会有限。虽然洛杉矶县缓刑部在其《加州女性罪犯蓝图总体规划》中为成功项目提供了指导，但增强赋权、积极应对和工作技能以及提供同伴指导方法的建议策略尚未实施或评估。 在 R34 的第一阶段，我们的加州大学洛杉矶分校、旧金山分校和欧文分校的研究人员团队计划利用我们成功的社区参与方法，在由 HFO 和成瘾工作人员组成的社区咨询委员会的帮助下，完善以性别敏感的犯罪需求为重点的干预计划，女性刑满释放人员护理辅导 (FEM-CARE)；并最终确定策略，该策略将通过与 HFO 的焦点小组会议进行验证。在第二阶段，我们将随机抽取 130 名 HFO 参加两个住院戒毒治疗计划之一，以评估 FEM-CARE 或健康促进控制计划对减少吸毒和酗酒以及累犯的影响。这项研究基于我们团队推广以理论为基础、文化敏感的护士主导干预措施的历史， 丰富了刑事司法理论观点，并导致无家可归者吸毒和酗酒的人数大幅减少，其中许多人有过监禁史。我们最近在让男性假释者参与护士支持的同伴指导方面取得的成功、我们团队在减少弱势女性耻辱方面的专业知识以及我们的刑事司法专家为这项研究提供了信息。最后，最近对 HFO 的形成性研究表明，人们希望同伴榜样能够支持和增强医疗保健知识和获得医疗保健的机会，促进积极应对、稳定的住房和工作技能，并减少耻辱和抑郁情绪；所有这些因素都可以产生旨在防止吸毒和酗酒并减少累犯的新方案。这一基础和强大的社区支持促成了我们拟议的干预计划的设计。