Development of a Rapid Survey to Detect Use of New and Emerging Drugs

描述(由申请者提供)：这份科学家指导职业发展奖(K01)申请书提出了一项为期五年的培训计划，为候选人提供必要的技能和经验，以便在未来的R01提交和过渡到独立研究。这位候选人，约瑟夫·J·帕拉马尔，博士，公共卫生硕士，通过他对纽约市(NYC)毒品使用和与娱乐性毒品使用相关的耻辱的研究，展示了对公共卫生的奉献。他已经就他在这个拟议项目中寻求调查的主题撰写/合著了24篇同行评议的手稿。这项应用的科学目标是确定在促进使用风险最高的场所(例如，夜总会、舞蹈节)使用新药物和新兴药物的Se和相关性。这项研究至关重要，因为史无前例的崛起 新的精神活性药物，目前未经国家调查评估。这对于及时查明和记录新药物的出现及其相关不良影响，并向政策制定者、研究人员和教育工作者提供短期信息至关重要。需要快速调查数据为药物监测系统作出贡献，并对二次数据进行三角划分，这些数据通常只关注使用的不良后果(例如，过量用药)。调查工具的开发和实施方法的记录将使流行病学家能够对二级药物数据进行三角测量，以便为预防战略提供信息，以解决这些不断涌现的药物的使用问题。采用三阶段混合方法，帕拉玛博士将开发、验证和实施一种调查工具，以监测夜总会/舞蹈节参与者(18-25岁)进入纽约市场馆时使用新药物和新兴药物的情况。具体地说，他将：1)进行形成性研究，为调查工具的开发提供信息(N=40个关键信息者访谈)；2)根据关键信息者访谈，设计并验证初始(较长)调查(N=250)；以及3)根据初始调查的可靠性和有效性结果，实施经过验证的快速调查(N=500)。通过这些研究活动，帕拉玛博士将确定和描述夜总会和舞蹈节参与者中新出现的药物的使用情况。具体地说，他的目标是：1)确定和描述当前用户群体和潜在用户群体(根据使用意向)；2)确定和描述使用频率、使用背景、给药模式和感知的可用性；3)研究使用和意向如何与其他药物的使用以及与使用者和毒贩的感知接触有关；4)研究使用和使用意向的社会人口和态度相关性、使用原因、使用的影响和与使用相关的感知风险。候选人已经建立了一支强大的导师团队，在整个拟议的资助期内对他进行培训。他的导师和顾问来自不同的背景和药物流行病学、公共卫生、定性方法和生物统计学方面的专家。他的导师斯科特·谢尔曼博士以及共同导师丹妮尔·奥姆帕德博士和米歇尔·谢德林博士将对候选人成为独立的药物滥用研究人员起到至关重要的作用。辅导将与课程作业和参加研讨会和会议一起进行。在整个培训计划中，候选人将：1)增强自己开发和进行自己的独立研究研究的能力；2)扩大他在药物使用流行病学方面的专业知识；3)学习时空和基于地点的抽样方法；4)扩大他在调查设计、验证和实施方面的知识和经验，这将导致实时数据；以及5)在调查数据的分析和传播方面变得更加先进。这些目标将促进候选人在药物流行病学方面的职业发展和专业知识，并有助于发表同行评议的手稿，为预防科学提供信息，并最终导致R01。拟议的项目将在纽约大学医学院人口健康系进行，该学院拥有一个多学科的研究团队，将开创性研究与对下一代公共卫生领导人的培训结合在一起。该部致力于培训新的研究人员和促进独立调查人员的发展。候选人将与纽约市卫生和精神卫生部门的流行病学家合作，并使用他们的辅助数据来告知和三角测量他的调查数据。拟议的研究计划与广泛的机构环境资源和对候选人专业发展的强有力的机构支持相结合，将确保该奖项的成功实施。这种精心记录的混合方法将使研究人员能够收集夜生活中新出现的毒品趋势的实时数据，并迅速向科学界和公众通报新出现的药物的使用、危险和相关性。这一信息对于防止与使用这些未经研究的药物相关的不良反应和死亡率的增加至关重要。结果还将为预防战略、比较美国各城市出现模式的更大规模研究(例如，R01)和药物监测系统(例如，地方、全国)提供信息，使它们能够以更全面的方式跟踪使用情况和相关的不良后果。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This Mentored Scientist Career Development Award (K01) application proposes a five-year training plan to provide the Candidate with the necessary skills and experience for a future R01 submission and transition to independent research. The Candidate, Joseph J. Palamar, PhD, MPH, has shown dedication to public health through his research on drug use in New York City (NYC) and the stigma associated with recreational drug use. He has authored/coauthored 24 peer-reviewed manuscripts on the topic he seeks to investigate in this proposed project. The scientific objective of this application is to identify se and correlates of use of new and emerging drugs in venues which promote highest risk for use (e.g., at nightclubs, dance festivals). This research is critical because of the unprecedented rise in new psychoactive drugs, not currently assessed by national surveys. It is essential for timely identification and documentation of the emergence of new drugs and associated adverse effects with short-term informing of policymakers, researchers and educators. Rapid survey data is needed to contribute to drug monitoring systems and to triangulate secondary data, which generally only focus on adverse outcomes of use (e.g., overdose). The development of a survey tool and documentation of an implementation approach will allow epidemiologists to triangulate secondary drug data to inform prevention strategies, which address use of these continually emerging drugs. Using a 3-phased mixed-methods approach, Dr. Palamar will develop, validate and implement a survey tool to monitor use of new and emerging drugs among nightclub/dance festival attendees (age 18-25) as they enter venues in NYC. Specifically, he will: 1) carry out formative research to inform survey instrument development (N=40 key informant interviews), 2) design and validate an initial (longer) survey with online follow-up (N=250), based on the key informant interviews, and 3) implement a validated rapid survey (N=500) based upon the initial survey reliability and validity results. Through these research activities, Dr. Palamar will identiy and characterize use of new and emerging drugs among nightclub and dance festival attendees. Specifically, he will aim to: 1) identify and describe the current user population and potential user population (as per intent to use), 2) identify and describe frequency of use, contexts of use, modes of administration, and perceived availability, 3) examine how use and intention to use relate to use of other drugs and perceived contact with users and dealers, and 4) examine socio-demographic and attitudinal correlates of use and intention to use, reasons for use, effects from use and perceived risk associated with use. The Candidate has developed a strong team of mentors to train him throughout the proposed grant period. His mentors and consultants are from diverse backgrounds and experts in drug epidemiology, public health, qualitative methods and biostatistics. His Mentor, Dr. Scott Sherman, and Co-Mentors, Dr. Danielle Ompad and Dr. Michele Shedlin, will be fundamental to the Candidate's development into an independent substance abuse researcher. Mentoring will take place in conjunction with coursework and participation in seminars and conferences. Throughout this training plan the Candidate will: 1) enhance his ability to develop and conduct his own independent research study; 2) expand his expertise in drug use epidemiology; 3) learn time-space and venue-based sampling methodologies; 4) expand his knowledge and experience in the design, validation and implementation of surveys, which will lead to real-time data, and 5) become more advanced in analysis and dissemination of survey data. These goals will foster the Candidate's career development and expertise in drug epidemiology and contribute to the publication of peer-reviewed manuscripts that will inform prevention science and lead to an eventual R01. The proposed project will take place at the New York University School of Medicine, Department of Population Health, which has a multidisciplinary research team and integrates ground-breaking research with training for the next generation of leaders in public health. The Department is committed to training new researchers and promoting development of independent investigators. The Candidate will collaborate with epidemiologists at the NYC Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and use their secondary data to inform and triangulate his survey data. The proposed research plan combined with the extensive resources of the institutional environment and the strong institutional support for the Candidate's professional development will assure successful implementation of this award. This carefully documented mixed-method approach will allow researchers to collect real-time data on new and emerging drug trends in nightlife scenes, and quickly inform the scientific community and the public about the use, dangers and correlates of new and emerging drugs. This information is essential to prevent increasing use and associated adverse effects and mortality associated with use of these unstudied drugs. Results will also inform prevention strategies, larger-scale studies (e.g., R01s) that compare patterns of emergence across US cities, and drug monitoring systems (e.g., local, national), enabling them to track use and associated adverse consequences of use in a more comprehensive manner.