Lability in Parenting During Middle School and Early Adolescent Substance Use

 描述（由申请人提供）：本研究调查（1）如何波动在中学期间的养育，我们称之为养育“不稳定”，与青年物质使用和其他危险行为和（2）父母和孩子的特点，预测更多的不稳定在养育。发现青少年早期物质使用的风险和保护因素至关重要，因为在中学期间开始使用物质的青少年面临着终身酒精障碍的高风险。父母在青少年早期物质使用的发展中起着关键作用。然而，我们的知识存在重大差距。大多数纵向研究都侧重于父母养育子女的水平和长期趋势如何与青年的结果相关联。然而，养育子女可能会波动：一些家庭可能会在中学期间经历许多唐斯，而其他家庭可能会随着时间的推移而经历可预测的趋势。然而，我们对中学期间父母行为的波动以及父母行为波动对青少年物质使用的影响知之甚少。我们的初步研究表明，青少年活动的父母知识的波动与较高水平的青少年物质使用，即使在控制的平均水平和线性趋势的知识。拟议的研究将这项工作扩展到更广泛的结构：亲子情感关系和父母控制的波动可能在预防物质使用方面发挥重要作用，但尚未研究。我们对父母和孩子的特征也知之甚少，这些特征可能与父母养育子女的波动有关。本项目旨在填补这些空白。目的1测试，如果不稳定的父母和亲子关系在中学（6-8年级）预测青少年物质使用在9年级，如果这些链接是由青年性别调节。目的1调查父母的波动是否与青年物质使用和其他危险行为有关，超出水平和长期趋势。目的2确定父母和孩子的特点预测较高的不稳定性，在子女的中学岁月。目标2测试是否具有母体特征（例如，抑郁、焦虑、物质使用、婚姻冲突、自我效能、社会支持）和儿童特征（例如，青少年物质使用开始，犯罪，内化问题）预测不稳定的父母。这些目标将利用PROSPER项目（促进学校-社区-大学伙伴关系以增强复原力）的数据来实现。创新：最近的方法进步，现在有可能捕捉不稳定性，并探讨其对发展的影响：这项研究是第一个应用这些进步来研究育儿。这项研究的重点是农村青年，并利用调查和观察数据来了解这一风险，但研究不足的人口。公共卫生影响：这项研究将通过揭示父母的不稳定性如何影响青少年早期的物质使用和其他危险行为来为预防工作提供信息。这项研究的知识将提供信息的发展，旨在帮助父母减少随着时间的推移，在养育子女的不稳定性的新的干预组件至关重要。

 DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): This study investigates (1) how fluctuations in parenting during middle school, which we term parenting "lability", relate to youth substance use and other risky behaviors and (2) parent and child characteristics that predict more lability in parenting. Discovering the risk and protective factors for early adolescent substance use is critical because youth who begin using substances during the middle school period face a high risk of developing lifetime alcohol disorders. Parents play a key role in development of early adolescent substance use. Yet, there are important gaps in our knowledge. Most longitudinal studies have focused on how levels and long-term trends in parenting relate to youth outcomes. However, parenting may fluctuate: some families may experience many ups and downs in parenting during middle school, whereas other families may experience predictable trends over time. Yet, we know little about how parenting behaviors fluctuate during middle school and the implications of parenting fluctuations for youth substance use. Our preliminary study suggests that fluctuations in parental knowledge of youth activities are associated with higher levels of youth substance use, even when controlling for mean levels and linear trends in knowledge. The proposed study extends this work to a broader range of constructs: fluctuations in the parent-child affective relationship and parental control may play important roles in preventing substance use but have not yet been studied. We also know little about parent and child characteristics that may be linked to more fluctuations in parenting. This project seeks to fill these gaps. Aim 1 tests if lability in parenting and parent-child relationships during middle schoo (Grades 6-8) predict adolescent substance use in Grade 9, and if these links are moderated by youth gender. Aim 1 investigates if fluctuations in parenting relate to youth substance use and other risky behaviors, above and beyond levels and long-term trends. Aim 2 identifies the parent and child characteristics predict higher lability in parenting during the child's middle school years. Aim 2 tests if parent characteristics (e.g., depression, anxiety, substance use, marital conflict, self-efficacy, social support) and child characteristics (e.g., youth substance use initiation, delinquency, internalizing problems) predict lability in parenting. These aims will be accomplished using data from the PROSPER project (Promoting School- Community-University Partnerships to Enhance Resilience). Innovation: Recent methodological advances now make it possible to capture lability and to explore its impact on development: This study is among the first to apply these advances to study parenting. This study focuses on rural youth, and leverages both survey and observational data to understand this at-risk but understudied population. Public Health Impact: This study will inform prevention efforts by revealing how lability in parenting affects early adolescent substance use and other risky behaviors. Knowledge from this study will provide information crucial to the development of new intervention components designed to help parents reduce lability in parenting over time.