Anastasis, a new mechanism driving cell survival and evolution

描述（由申请人提供）：我们最近发现了一种新的生物现象，我们称之为anastasis（希腊语，意为“复活”）。我们推翻了目前认为细胞死亡是不可逆转的教条，发现各种正常细胞和癌细胞类型可以逆转这一过程，存活和增殖。这种可逆性甚至发生在细胞经历了被普遍认为是不可逆转的事件之后，包括半胱氨酸酶的激活和广泛的DNA损伤。值得注意的是，虽然大多数细胞完全恢复并修复了受损的DNA，但一些细胞保留了突变，这增加了致癌转化的频率。转移的发现至少有五个范式转换的含义。首先，

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): We recently discovered a new biological phenomenon, which we call anastasis (Greek for "rising to life"). Overturning the current dogma that cell death is irreversible, we found that a variety of normal and cancer cell types can reverse the process, survive, and proliferate. This reversibility takes place even after cells experience events widely believed to be points of no return, including activation of caspase enzymes and widespread DNA damage. Notably, while most cells fully recover and repair their damaged DNA, some cells retain mutations, and this increases the frequency of oncogenic transformation. The discovery of anastasis has at least five paradigm-shifting implications. First, we suggest that anastasis represents a previously unknown cause of cancer, so inhibiting anastasis should prevent cancer. Anastasis could also offer an explanation for the longstanding observation that repeated injury increases the incidence of cancer. Second, we propose that anastasis allows tumor cells to escape chemotherapy and evolve drug resistance. Therefore, inhibiting anastasis may enhance the effectiveness of chemo- and radiation therapies and prevent relapses. Third, salvaging cells on the brink of death via anastasis may limit permanent tissue injury due to transient environmental stresses or toxin exposures. Consequently, enhancing anastasis may promote tissue regeneration. Fourth, we posit that anastasis is a cell survival mechanism that protects cells that are difficult to replace such as neurons in the adult brain or heart muscle cells, so promoting anastasis could prevent or slow degenerative diseases. Fifth, we propose that the survival of germ cells with mutations acquired through anastasis provides a mechanism to enhance genetic diversity precisely when animals are exposed to stressful environmental conditions. This could accelerate adaptation to changing environments during evolution. Here we propose to test these ideas. We designed a biosen