Modelling soil movement by tillage

耕作在耕作景观中移动了大量的土壤。对于密集且仍然常见的耕作操作，一遍耕作可以在耕作方向上每米耕作宽度移动50至100公斤土壤，并且可以移动一些土壤超过4米。土壤运动的特征是在耕作过程中土壤的运动和由耕作引起的土壤移位或移位。在研究耕作机具的设计、布置和使用时，需要对耕作过程中的土壤运动进行测量。在研究土壤组分、改良剂和污染物的迁移过程中，有必要测定耕作对土壤迁移的影响。在耕作侵蚀研究中，还必须测量土壤迁移量。耕作侵蚀是由土壤迁移的变异性引起的土壤净移动造成的景观内土壤的损失和积累。迁移量及其变异性受耕作机具的设计和操作以及景观的地形和土壤特性的影响。虽然耕作易位现在被认为是一个重要的景观过程，具有重大的农业和环境影响，通过与其他景观过程相比，很少有人了解土壤耕作的运动。为了更好地管理和模拟耕作过程中的土壤移动和耕作引起的土壤迁移，特别是在坡地上，非常需要对耕作引起的土壤移动有基本的了解。本研究的主要目的是：（1）研究水平地和坡地耕作土壤的运动规律，并在此基础上，建立和验证水平地和坡地耕作土壤运动的机理模型。这项研究的最终目标将是开发耕作设备，做法和系统，更好地控制土壤的运动，并尽量减少耕作移位和耕作侵蚀的不利影响。耕作迁移和耕作侵蚀研究是土壤环境科学与农业工程相结合的一个新兴的、迅速发展的研究领域。拟议的研究将为这一新兴的科学和工程领域做出重大贡献。

Tillage moves a tremendous amount of soil within cultivated landscapes. For intensive, and still common tillage operations, one pass of tillage can move 50 to 100 kg of soil per meter width of tillage in the direction of tillage and can move some of that soil in excess of 4 meters. Soil movement is characterized by the movement of soil during tillage and by the displacement, or translocation of soil that is caused by tillage. In the study of tillage tool design, arrangement and operation, it is necessary to measure soil movement during tillage. It is necessary to measure soil translocation by tillage in the study of dispersion of soil constituents, amendments and contaminants. It is also necessary to measure translocation in the study of tillage erosion. Tillage erosion is the loss and accumulation of soil within a landscape resulting from the net movement of soil that is caused by the variability of translocation. The amount of translocation and its variability are affected by the design and operation of tillage implements and by the topographic and soil properties of landscapes. Although tillage translocation is now recognized as a major landscape process with significant agricultural and environmental implications, by comparison to other landscape processes, very little is understood about the movement of soil by tillage. There is a great need for fundamental understanding of soil movement by tillage to better manage and model the movement of soil during tillage and the translocation of soil by tillage, particularly on sloping land. The objectives of the proposed research are: 1) to examine the movement of soil by tillage on level and sloping land, and, based on these findings, 2) to develop and validate mechanistic models of the movement of soil by tillage on level and sloping land. The ultimate goal of this research will be to develop tillage equipment, practices and systems that better control the movement of soil and minimize the adverse effects of tillage translocation and tillage erosion. The study of tillage translocation and tillage erosion is a new and rapidly expanding area of research that integrates soil and environmental sciences with agricultural engineering. The proposed research will make significant contributions to this emerging area of science and engineering.