Central nervous system control of dynamic stability

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The ability of the human central nervous system (CNS) to control upright stance is essential to the success of activities of daily life including the ability to walk. The control of balance is characterized by a continuous monitoring and defending against disturbances in order to prevent the occurrence of a fall. Such reactions, triggered by the occurrence of a disturbance to balance, are the ultimate defense against instability. Fortunately, there is a rich body of literature that has characterized the features of such reactions. The hallmarks of these reactions are their rapid speed of onset and execution while preserving appropriate amplitude and direction of movement. The 'temporal urgency' of such reactions place unique control challenges on both CNS and neuromuscular systems. Such challenges are the likely reason for the high prevalence of disrupted compensatory balance reactions following neurologic or musculoskeletal injury.