In vivo measurement of arsenic, aluminum, indium and fluorine

采矿和冶炼对加拿大经济极其重要。加拿大在2000年出口了价值480亿美元的非燃料矿物和矿产品，是世界上最大的铀生产国，第三大铜生产国，并生产锌、铅、镉、铂、铟、铝、金……对这个行业的经济依赖意味着有大量的加拿大工人暴露在潜在的有毒元素中，许多加拿大人在环境中暴露在较低的水平。已知接触的工人通常由雇主通过血液和尿液测量进行监测。水平超过某些预设限制的工人将被排除在潜在的高暴露情况下，直到他们的水平下降。然而，单独测量血液或尿液不能单独计算外源性和内源性暴露，这可能会使风险的解释变得复杂。这也使得对有大量工作历史的工人的管理变得困难，因为他们经常有体内储存的这种元素，即使在没有外部接触的情况下，这种元素也会使血液和尿液保持升高。

Mining and smelting are extremely important to the Canadian economy. Canada exported $48 billion worth of non-fuel minerals and mineral products in 2000 and is the world's largest producer of uranium, the third largest producer of copper, and produces zinc, lead, cadmium, platinum, indium, aluminum, gold... The economic dependence on this industry means that there are large numbers of Canadian workers exposed to potentially toxic elements and many Canadians exposed environmentally at lower levels. Workers who are known to be exposed are generally monitored by their employer via blood and urine measurements. Workers whose levels increase above certain pre-set limits will be removed from potentially high exposure situations until their levels fall. However, measurement of blood or urine alone does not allow exogenous and endogenous exposures to be separately accounted for, and this can make the interpretation of risk complicated. It also makes the management of workers with extensive employment histories difficult, as they often have body stores of the element which can keep blood and urines elevated even in the absence of external exposure.