Characterization of appetite-regulating peptides in fish

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In vertebrates, complex hormonal networks regulate feeding, energy homeostasis and growth. Hypothalamic factors such as neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexins and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) ultimately control these functions by either stimulating or decreasing appetite. Other hormones, in particular gastrointestinal hormones such as amylin and cholecystokinin are released in the circulation and reach the brain where they can modulate the actions of these central factors. Environmental factors (e.g. temperature) might also affect feeding and appetite-related factors. In addition, given the link between energy reserves and reproduction, these central feeding regulators might also be influenced by reproductive events and be important regulators of reproduction.