Regulation of toxin production in HABs

有害藻华是指不需要的或有毒的藻类大量生长。这种情况既发生在沿海地区，也发生在湖泊地区。在全球范围内，有害藻华一直在增加，这与对水生生态服务的需求增加有关-稀释我们的废物，消耗我们的营养物质等。一般认为富营养化会导致有害藻华，但这是误导。添加营养物的某些方面会使花的毒性增加或减少，或者选择毒性更大的物种而不是毒性更小的物种。在第一个项目中，我们将重点关注对沿海水域产生不利影响的海洋物种- -特别是水产养殖设施。目前，世界上供人类消费的鱼类产量有一半以上来自水产养殖，而野生渔业的产量要么稳定，要么在下降。在过去的二十年里，来自两个研究属（Heterosigma和Heterocapsa）的反复威胁已经对世界范围内的野生和网兜鱼造成了广泛的损害。(2)我们的第二项研究将阐明毒素产生对伪尼奇亚属的重要性。伪尼齐亚藻的大量繁殖对人类健康造成巨大影响，对水产养殖业造成经济损失，并严重影响自然沿海生态系统。了解DA在细胞中的作用，是获得一些预测环境条件的关键，这些环境条件调节着假性尼茨氏病的爆发何时何地变得有毒。(3)我们最后的研究考虑了蓝藻毒素的环境调节-来自湖泊中的蓝藻毒素。蓝藻是一种光合原核生物，在稳定、温暖、富营养化的淡水资源中占有重要地位。当营养过剩时，蓝藻的生物量就会增加。但我们认为，正是水中的微量金属成分刺激了几种关键毒素——微囊藻毒素、结节素和BBMA。所有这些毒素都会造成严重的人体健康问题。

Harmful algal blooms are large growths of undesired or toxic algal species. These occur in both coastal zones and lakes. Globally, HABs have been on the increase is correlation with the increase demands for the aquatic ecological services - diluting our wastes, consuming our nutrients, etc. It is commonly stated that eutrophication leads to HABs but this is misleading. There are aspects of adding nutrients that make the blooms more or less toxic or that select for more toxic species over less toxic species. (1) In the first project we will focus on marine species that adversely affect out coastal waters - in particular, the aquaculture facilities. Over one half of the world's fish production for human consumption currently comes from aquaculture while wild fisheries' yields are either stable or declining. Recurring threats from the two studies genera (Heterosigma and Heterocapsa) have caused extensive damage to wild and net-penned fish worldwide over the past two decades. (2) Our second study will elucidate the importance of toxin production to the genus Pseudo-nitzschia. Blooms of Pseudo-nitzschia can have enormous impacts on human health, cause economic losses to aquaculture industries, and substantially affect natural coastal ecosystems. Understanding the cellular role for DA lies at the crux of achieving some predictive insights to the environmental conditions regulating when and where Pseudo-nitzschia outbreaks become toxic. (3) Our final study, considers the environmental regulation of cyanotoxins - toxins from cyanobacterial in lakes. Cyanobacteria, photosynthetic prokaryotes, are prominent in stable, warm, eutrophic (nutrient rich) freshwater resources. When there are excess nutrients, then the biomass of the cyanobacterial increase. But we propose that it is the trace metal composition of the water that stimulates several key toxins - microcystin, nodularin, and BBMA. All of these toxins create serious human health issues.