Regulatory control of toxicity among hemolytic, neurotoxic, fish-killing species of phytoplankton under current and future ocean conditions

人类活动正在影响所有沿海海洋。首当其冲的是含氮化合物的形式和供应速度的变化（富营养化）、溶解有机碳水平的增加（褐化）、pH值的降低（海洋酸化）以及与淡水混合的增强。除了这些因素之外，全球温度和风应力的变化也改变了混合和运输的物理结构。在这些变化中，有害藻华（HAB）物种事件的频率和持续时间增加。我的研究计划将积极考虑未来海洋对赤潮事件的影响，作为基于知识的海洋预测的一部分。我们距离确定有害藻华将如何应对气候变化压力还有很长的路要走。我的研究团队正在处理目前的情况，以回答对科学进步至关重要的问题，并解决社会对海洋未来的担忧。***我的研究项目将在理解这些驱动因素（温度、盐度和pH值）之间的相互作用方面产生世界领先的水平，这些驱动因素影响着三种鱼类杀死赤石异源藻、mikimotokarenia和幼藻Prymnesium。虽然在分类上不同，但这三种有害藻在毒性作用方面具有共同的生理特征，这导致了与沿海海洋和淡水系统相关的统一研究计划。为了严格解决这个研究项目，我的研究团队将：(1)创建一个生态毒理学方法来评估在受控条件下生长的细胞毒性水平的评估；(2)利用生物化学方法建立关键毒理学属性（如溶血素、神经毒素、穿膜脂肪酸）的种间比较；(3)在单一（盐度、pH、温度和稳定性）和组合（盐度x pH x温度x稳定性）条件下评估每个物种的生长成功和毒素含量。我的研究小组将对未来海洋条件下可能发生的赤潮后果进行更深入的讨论。这项研究项目对依赖新鲜鱼类的加拿大人来说非常重要，特别是西海岸的鲑鱼，那里的异源西格玛虫的爆发导致了鲑鱼自然洄游的巨大损失，对依赖水产养殖业的加拿大人来说也很重要。我们预期的结果是减少赤潮爆发的频率或减轻赤藻和两种潜在入侵物种mikimotoi和parvum的自然繁殖的毒性后果，为沿海环境提供自然和商业渔业的巨大利益，并为加拿大人提供美观改善的水和空气质量。**

Human activities are affecting all coastal oceans. At the forefront are changes in the form and rate of supply of nitrogen-containing compounds (eutrophication), increased levels of dissolved organic carbon (brownification), lowered pH (ocean acidification), and enhanced mixing with freshwaters. Added to these factors are the global changes in temperature and wind stress that alter the physical structure of mixing and transport. Within these changes is the rise in frequency and duration of events of harmful algal bloom (HAB) species.***My research program will proactively consider the effect of the future oceans on HAB events as part of a knowledge-based marine forecast. We are a long way from ascertaining with confidence how HABs will respond to climate change forcing. My research team is dealing with present conditions to answer questions that are critical to scientific advancement and address society concerns about the future of the oceans. ***My research program will generate world leaders in understanding the interactions between several of these drivers (temperature, salinity, and pH) on three fish killing HAB species, Heterosigma akashiwo, Karenia mikimotoi and Prymnesium parvum. While taxonomically disparate, the three HAB species share common physiological traits in the action of toxicity leading to a unified research program relevant to both coastal marine and freshwater systems. To rigorously address this research program, my research team will: (1) Create an eco-toxicological approach to evaluate the assessment of the levels of toxicity in cells grown under controlled conditions; (2) Establish, using biochemical methods, an inter-species comparison of key toxicological attributes (e.g., hemolysins, neurotoxins, membrane penetrating fatty acids); and (3) Evaluate the growth success and toxin content of each species under single (salinity, pH, temperature, and stability) and combinatorial (salinity x pH x temperature x stability) conditions.***My research team will develop a deeper discussion on the consequences of HABs that are likely to occur under future ocean conditions. This research program is important to the general Canadian population that depends on fresh fish, particularly west coast salmon where outbreaks of Heterosigma sp. have caused great losses in the natural salmon run, and to Canadians that depend on the aquaculture industry. Our anticipated outcomes are to reduce the frequency of HAB outbreaks or to mitigate toxic consequences of the natural blooms of H. akashiwo and the two potentially invasive species, K. mikimotoi and P. parvum, provide coastal environments with great benefits to the natural and commercial fisheries, and provide Canadians with esthetically improved water and air quality. **