Roles and molecular mechanisms of SUMO-interaction motifs and SUMOylation of retroviral integrase in mediating its cofactor binding and beyond

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SUMOylation is an important posttranslational modification of proteins that regulates their biological activities and cross-talking with their cofactors. It is known that SUMOylated proteins are able to bind to a SUMO-interaction motif (SIMs) present in their cofactors and such cross-talking between different proteins links different signal pathways and regulate their biological fucntions. HIV-1 integrase has recently been shown to be a SUMOylated protein. Also, such putative SUMOylation sites were also found in different animal retroviral integrases. However, a complete mapping and understanding of how SUMOylation could regulate their biological actions still remain elusive. Interestingly, our sequence analysis further revealed three SIMs present in this retroviral protein, suggesting that the SUMOylation and SIMs present in the same protein may coordinate together and regulate its communication with other cellular cofactors.