A radiation hardened matrix computational module (MCM) for self-healing Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)

由于电子电路日益小型化，辐射对部署在空间和地球轨道上的电子电路的影响日益引起麦哲伦航天等卫星电信组织的关注。卫星上有使用现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)技术的星载计算机、微处理器和专用集成电路。现场可编程门阵列和其他基于电子的计算机容易受到一种称为单粒子翻转的现象的影响。从太空中的源发出的宇宙射线与地球大气层相互作用，以电离粒子阵雨的形式产生辐射。当这些阵雨的粒子撞击到FPGA内的晶体管(存储元件的组件)的衬底时，它们会沉积电荷，这可能会导致相关存储元件中的存储值(位值)发生变化。因此，运行在现场可编程门阵列计算机上的软件程序可能出现故障，这可能导致：不安全的工作条件；任务结束；徒劳而昂贵的任务；甚至可能对机上或陆地上的个人造成伤害。大多数可用的辐射防护(加固)系统不能100%完全屏蔽辐射和电离。例如，现场可编程门阵列制造商提供内部强化选项，应用程序开发人员可以将容错算法添加到运行在现场可编程门阵列上的软件和硬件中。然而，由于能源效率、硬件占地和经济限制，辐射防护水平是有限的。例如，在存储器中只能纠正一个错误，但由于辐射的影响，可能会出现多个错误。为了妥善解决这一问题，必须在所有层面上结合和应用缓解技术，包括尖端研究技术和制造商提供的缓解方案。对于特定的应用，我们建议提供一个计划来实施制造商的缓解技术和硬件冗余(TMR)。此外，还有更多

Due to the increasing miniaturization of electronic circuits, the effect of radiation on electronic circuits deployed in space and in Earth orbit is a growing concern for satellite telecommunications organizations, such as Magellan Aerospace. Satellites have on board computers which use Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) technology, microprocessors, and application specific integrated circuits. The FPGA and other electronic based computers are susceptible to a phenomenon called single event upset. Cosmic rays emanating from a source in space interact with the Earth's atmosphere and produce radiation in the form of showers of ionized particles. When the particles of these showers hit the substrate of a transistor (component of a memory element) within an FPGA, they deposit charge, which may cause a change in the stored value (bit value) in the associated memory element. Consequently, a software program running on the FPGA computer may malfunction, which may lead to: unsafe operating conditions; end of mission; unfruitful costly mission; and may even cause harm to individuals on-board or on-land. Most available radiation protection (hardening) systems are not able to provide 100% complete shielding against radiation and ionization. For example, FPGA manufacturers provide internal hardening options, and application developers may add fault tolerance algorithms to their software and hardware running on the FPGAs. However, due to energy efficiency, hardware real-estate, and economical constraints, the level of protection against radiation is limited. For instance, only one error can be corrected in memories, but multiple errors may occur due to the effects of radiation. To properly address the problem, mitigation techniques must be combined and applied at all levels, including cutting edge research techniques and the manufacturer supplied mitigation options. For a specific application, we propose to provide a plan to implement the manufacturer's mitigation techniques and hardware redundancy (TMR). In addition, and more