An integrated pest management approach to control stripe rust of wheat

小麦（冬小麦、春小麦和硬粒小麦）是加拿大西部种植系统的一个组成部分，是农民非常重要的收入来源，也是加拿大人饮食中的主要营养来源，还是为成千上万加拿大人提供就业机会的主要出口商品。 在过去的12年里，在整个大草原上定期观察到条锈病，至少在三年内造成小麦大面积减产。 2011年的疫情是迄今为止最严重的一次，由于决定使用杀菌剂，许多种植者的产量减少，其他种植者的投入成本增加。 条锈病几乎发生在世界上所有主要的小麦产区，尽管以前它主要与凉爽，潮湿的条件有关。 加拿大最近的产量和质量损失可能是由于病原体的种族变化及其对温暖气候条件的适应。 为了保护小麦种植者和消费者免受这种疾病的破坏性影响，通过病原体的研究和杀菌剂应用策略的发展，提出了综合防治。 大多数赋予对条锈病病原体的抗性的小麦抗性基因在病原体获得克服这些基因的能力之前的有限时间段内是有效的。 识别病原体的小种并监测小种的变化将提供对病原体的了解，这将使小麦种植者能够通过选择对新小种具有适当抗性的品种或在没有抗性品种的情况下使用杀真菌剂来迅速做出反应。 此外，了解病原菌小种的快速或渐进变化将为小麦育种家开发抗条锈品种提供指导。

Wheat (winter, spring and durum) is an integral part of the cropping system in western Canada, a very important source of income for farmers, a major source of nutrition in the Canadian diet and a major export commodity providing jobs for thousands of Canadians. Over the last 12 years, stripe rust was observed regularly across the prairies and in at least three years caused widespread yield losses in wheat. The 2011 epidemic was the most serious to date, reducing yield for many growers and increasing input costs for other growers due to the decision to apply fungicide. Stripe rust occurs in nearly all major wheat production areas of the world, although previously it was mainly associated with cool, humid conditions. The recent yield and quality losses in Canada are likely due to changes in the races of the pathogen and its adaptation to warmer climatic conditions. To protect wheat growers and consumers from the devastating effects of this disease, integrated control is proposed through a study of the pathogen and development of a fungicide application strategy. The majority of wheat resistance genes that impart resistance to the stripe rust pathogen are effective for a limited period of time before the pathogen gains the ability to overcome these genes. Identifying the races of the pathogen and monitoring changes in races will provide an understanding of the pathogen that will allow wheat growers to respond rapidly by choosing varieties carrying appropriate resistance to new races or employing fungicides if resistant cultivars are not available. In addition, knowledge of rapid or gradual changes in races of the pathogen will provide guidance to wheat breeders in the development of stripe rust resistant cultivars.