Signal integration in stomatal development

气孔是陆生植物进化适应的关键，也是一个直观的模型系统，用于分析植物发育如何从细胞增殖，命运承诺以及控制细胞大小，位置和形状。生命需要芽与大气之间的气体交换。CO2进入光合作用产生新的碳水化合物，H2O蒸发冷却植物和地球。这些气体通过气孔，表皮阀由两个保卫细胞组成，围绕一个孔，其打开和关闭允许CO2流入并最大限度地减少水分损失。 尽管它们在全球气体水平和农业中发挥着关键作用，但气孔如何形成仍处于发现阶段。 特异性病灶：（i）年轻保卫细胞之间的串扰可能产生瓣膜的镜像对称性。只有MUS基因是已知的形状这种对称性，而整个基因途径可能涉及，以及细胞事件如何协调塑造仍然不清楚。(ii)我们发现气孔图案的调控由当地水平的主植物激素生长素，但尚未确定在何种程度上所有主要的生长素信号通路参与。(iii)FOUR LIPS（FLP）MYB蛋白确保气孔只包含两个细胞，但许多FLP靶基因的综合作用如何限制增殖和控制生长素途径需要确定。主要目标：（1）定义MUSTACHES的受体信号传导如何协调细胞生物学与瓣膜成形，并识别该途径的其他成员。(2)利用荧光报告基因（DII）、化学抑制剂和与生长素受体和转录因子途径相关的突变体来探测生长素对气孔发育的控制。(3)分析FLP如何整合关键基因的表达，以协调细胞增殖和图案化，阻止由过量和异常DNA增殖引起的气孔扩大，并通过生长素信号传导协调这些事件。

Stomata, which are a key evolutionary adaptation of land plants, are also a visually accessible model system for analyzing how plant development progresses from cell proliferation, fate commitment, and the control of cell size, position, and shape. Life requires gas exchange between shoots and the atmosphere. CO2 entry yields new carbohydrates in photosynthesis, and H2O evaporation cools the plant and the planet. These gases move through stomata, epidermal valves made up of two guard cells around a pore whose opening and closing allows CO2 influx and minimizes water loss. Despite their key role in global gas levels and agriculture, how stomata form is still in its discovery phase. Specific foci: (i) Cross-talk between young guard cells likely generates the mirror-like symmetry of the valve. Only the MUS gene is known shape this symmetry, whereas an entire gene pathway is likely involved, and how cellular events coordinate shaping is still obscure. (ii) We found stomatal patterning to be regulated by local levels of the master plant hormone auxin, but have yet to determine the extent to which all major auxin signaling pathways are involved. (iii) The FOUR LIPS (FLP) MYB protein ensures that stomata contain just two cells, but how the integrated action of many FLP target genes restrict proliferation and control auxin pathways needs to be determined. Key goals: (1) Define how receptor signaling by MUSTACHES coordinates cell biology with valve shaping, and identify additional members of the pathway. (2) Probe auxin control of stomatal development using fluorescence reporters (DII), chemical inhibitors, and mutants related to the auxin receptor and transcription factor pathways. (3) Analyze how FLP integrates the expression of key genes to orchestrate cell proliferation and patterning, blocks stomatal enlargement resulting from excess and abnormal DNA multiplication, and coordinates these events via auxin signaling.