Design Optimization of Low Impact Development Technologies for Long-Term Resilience and Stormwater Management

水一直是，并将继续是我们社会的关键和宝贵的一部分，也是我们城市基础设施不可或缺的一部分。今天，设计者必须确保工程雨水系统遵守数量、质量、水量平衡和侵蚀标准，同时确保设计在经济上可行，并为社会所接受。考虑到雨水基础设施的扩张性、有时甚至是相互冲突的设计目标，自然化解决方案往往是雨水管理(SWM)的最佳可用方法。雨水基础设施的首选术语是低影响开发(LID)，它通过模拟自然水平衡并提供分布式处理和数量控制来将城市化的负面环境影响降至最低。加拿大目前正在采用的LID技术包括：透水路面、生物保留池、渗透沟、水沟、绿色屋顶和油砂分离器，它们与传统的雨水系统相结合。这些技术中的每一项都有可能减少与传统雨水输送和独立管道末端系统相关的许多负面环境影响。地块级别的LID技术可以作为处理列车一起发挥作用，以优化性能并提供非点集水级别的SWM。然而，与传统雨水系统管理有关的许多问题，如气候变化、人口增长以及螺旋式上升的维护和运营成本等问题，也威胁到LID技术的长期有效性和可负担性。 拟议的研究计划将优化LID系统的已确定设计组件，包括工程介质、排水和出水口设计以及存储容量，这些组件对于通过分析建模和全尺寸系统研究，在寒冷天气的城市集水区通过处理列车方法实现SWM的长期弹性和性能最大化至关重要。这项工作的目标将是在加拿大气候、地质和人口增长的背景下推进LID技术的设计。拟议的研究计划将开发下一代SWM技术和政策，同时使决策者和加拿大公众能够对长期SWM政策采取积极主动的方法。最后，这项研究将为多伦多大学的研究生和本科生提供一个独特的培训机会，以获得作为高技能水资源工程师所需的技能。拟议的研究计划由三个相互关联的研究重点领域组成，每个领域都由本科生和研究生作为高素质人才(HQP)培训的一部分进行的具体项目组成。学生还将获得环境监测、水文建模、数据合成、项目管理和通信方法方面的专门技能。拟议研究计划的三个重点领域是：1)综合LID技术的集水层流程和SWM处理列车方法中的规模问题；2)LID的长期和寒冷天气性能、弹性和操作，包括维护和相关成本；以及3)建模和预测性能。研究结果将使参与雨水管理的私营和公共实体能够开发与雨水系统的规划、制造、建设和运营相关的创新的新技术和基于政策的倡议。这项研究的目的是确保雨水得到可持续的管理，并将盖子系统设计为最大限度地提高水文和水力性能，并改善整体基础设施的弹性。

Water has always been, and will continue to be, a critical and cherished part of our society and integral part of our urban infrastructure. Today, designers must ensure that engineered stormwater systems adhere to quantity, quality, water balance and erosion criteria while simultaneously ensuring that designs are economically-feasible and socially-acceptable. Given the expansive, and sometimes conflicting design objectives of stormwater infrastructure, naturalized solutions are often the best available approach for stormwater management (SWM). The preferred term for stormwater infrastructure that minimizes the negative environmental effects of urbanization by emulating the natural water balance and providing distributed treatment and quantity control is Low Impact Development (LID). LID technologies that are currently being adopted in Canada include: permeable pavements, bioretention cells, infiltration trenches, swales, green roofs, and oil-and-grit separators which act in combination with traditional stormwater systems. Each of these technologies has the potential ability to reduce many of the negative environmental impacts associated with traditional stormwater conveyance and stand-alone end-of-pipe systems. Lot-level LID technologies can function together as treatment-trains to optimize performance and provide non-point catchment-level SWM. However, many of the concerns identified with the management of traditional stormwater systems, issues such as climate change, population growth and spiralling maintenance and operational costs also threaten the long-term effectiveness and affordability of LID technologies. The proposed research program will optimize identified design components of LID systems including engineered media, drainage and outlet design and storage capacity, that are critical for maximizing the long-term resilience and performance within a treatment-train approach to SWM in cold weather urban catchments through analytical modelling and study of full-scale systems. The objective of this work will be to advance the design of LID technologies in the context of Canadian climates, geology and population growth. The proposed research program will develop the next-generation of SWM technologies and policies while empowering decision makers and the Canadian public to take a proactive approach towards long-term SWM policy. Lastly, this research will provide an unique training opportunity for graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Toronto to gain the skills needed to work as highly skilled water resources engineers. The proposed research program is comprised of three interrelated research focus areas, with each area comprised of specific projects to be undertaken by undergraduate and graduate students as part of their training as highly qualified personnel (HQP). Students will also gain specialized skills in methods for environmental monitoring, hydrologic modelling, data synthesis, project management and communication. The three focus area of the proposed research program are: 1) Catchment-level processes of integrated LID technologies and issues of scale in the treatment-train approach to SWM, 2) Long-term and cold-weather performance, resilience and operation of LID including maintenance and associated costs, and 3) Modelling and predicting performance. The findings of the research will enable private and public entities involved with SWM to develop innovative new technological and policy-based initiatives related to planning, manufacturing, construction, and operation of stormwater systems. The intention of this research is to ensure that stormwater is managed sustainably and LID systems are designed to maximize hydrologic and hydraulic performance and improve overall infrastructure resilience