Design Optimization of Low Impact Development Technologies for Long-Term Resilience and Stormwater Management

水一直是，并将继续是我们社会的一个重要和宝贵的组成部分，也是我们城市基础设施的组成部分。今天，设计师必须确保工程雨水系统坚持数量，质量，水平衡和侵蚀标准，同时确保设计在经济上可行和社会上可接受。鉴于雨水基础设施的设计目标广泛，有时相互冲突，自然化的解决方案往往是雨水管理（SWM）的最佳方法。通过模拟自然水平衡和提供分布式处理和数量控制，最大限度地减少城市化对环境的负面影响的雨水基础设施的首选术语是低影响开发（LID）。加拿大目前采用的LID技术包括：渗透性路面、生物滞留单元、渗透沟、洼地、绿色屋顶以及与传统雨水系统结合使用的油和砂砾分离器。这些技术中的每一种都有可能减少与传统的雨水输送和独立的管道末端系统相关的许多负面环境影响。批次级LID技术可以作为处理列车一起发挥作用，以优化性能并提供非点集水级SWM。然而，与传统雨水系统管理有关的许多问题，如气候变化、人口增长以及不断上升的维护和运营成本，也威胁到LID技术的长期有效性和可负担性。 拟议的研究计划将优化LID系统的已确定设计组件，包括工程介质，排水和出口设计以及存储容量，这对于通过分析建模和全尺寸系统的研究，在寒冷天气的城市集水区中最大限度地提高SWM治疗列车方法的长期弹性和性能至关重要。这项工作的目标是在加拿大气候、地质和人口增长的背景下推进LID技术的设计。拟议的研究计划将开发下一代SWM技术和政策，同时授权决策者和加拿大公众对长期SWM政策采取积极主动的态度。最后，这项研究将提供一个独特的培训机会，研究生和本科生在多伦多大学获得所需的技能，作为高技能的水资源工程师的工作。拟议的研究计划由三个相互关联的研究重点领域组成，每个领域由本科生和研究生承担的具体项目组成，作为高素质人才（HQP）培训的一部分。学生还将获得环境监测，水文建模，数据综合，项目管理和沟通方法的专业技能。拟议的研究计划的三个重点领域是：1）集成LID技术的流域级过程和SWM处理列车方法的规模问题，2）LID的长期和寒冷天气性能，恢复力和操作，包括维护和相关成本，以及3）建模和预测性能。研究结果将使参与SWM的私营和公共实体能够开发与雨水系统的规划，制造，建设和运营相关的创新技术和基于政策的举措。这项研究的目的是确保雨水得到可持续管理，LID系统的设计能够最大限度地提高水文和水力性能，并提高基础设施的整体弹性。

Water has always been, and will continue to be, a critical and cherished part of our society and integral part of our urban infrastructure. Today, designers must ensure that engineered stormwater systems adhere to quantity, quality, water balance and erosion criteria while simultaneously ensuring that designs are economically-feasible and socially-acceptable. Given the expansive, and sometimes conflicting design objectives of stormwater infrastructure, naturalized solutions are often the best available approach for stormwater management (SWM). The preferred term for stormwater infrastructure that minimizes the negative environmental effects of urbanization by emulating the natural water balance and providing distributed treatment and quantity control is Low Impact Development (LID). LID technologies that are currently being adopted in Canada include: permeable pavements, bioretention cells, infiltration trenches, swales, green roofs, and oil-and-grit separators which act in combination with traditional stormwater systems. Each of these technologies has the potential ability to reduce many of the negative environmental impacts associated with traditional stormwater conveyance and stand-alone end-of-pipe systems. Lot-level LID technologies can function together as treatment-trains to optimize performance and provide non-point catchment-level SWM. However, many of the concerns identified with the management of traditional stormwater systems, issues such as climate change, population growth and spiralling maintenance and operational costs also threaten the long-term effectiveness and affordability of LID technologies. The proposed research program will optimize identified design components of LID systems including engineered media, drainage and outlet design and storage capacity, that are critical for maximizing the long-term resilience and performance within a treatment-train approach to SWM in cold weather urban catchments through analytical modelling and study of full-scale systems. The objective of this work will be to advance the design of LID technologies in the context of Canadian climates, geology and population growth. The proposed research program will develop the next-generation of SWM technologies and policies while empowering decision makers and the Canadian public to take a proactive approach towards long-term SWM policy. Lastly, this research will provide an unique training opportunity for graduate and undergraduate students at the University of Toronto to gain the skills needed to work as highly skilled water resources engineers. The proposed research program is comprised of three interrelated research focus areas, with each area comprised of specific projects to be undertaken by undergraduate and graduate students as part of their training as highly qualified personnel (HQP). Students will also gain specialized skills in methods for environmental monitoring, hydrologic modelling, data synthesis, project management and communication. The three focus area of the proposed research program are: 1) Catchment-level processes of integrated LID technologies and issues of scale in the treatment-train approach to SWM, 2) Long-term and cold-weather performance, resilience and operation of LID including maintenance and associated costs, and 3) Modelling and predicting performance. The findings of the research will enable private and public entities involved with SWM to develop innovative new technological and policy-based initiatives related to planning, manufacturing, construction, and operation of stormwater systems. The intention of this research is to ensure that stormwater is managed sustainably and LID systems are designed to maximize hydrologic and hydraulic performance and improve overall infrastructure resilience