Development of metal's terrestrial ecotoxicological characterization factors within life cycle assessment

在生命周期影响评价（LCIA）研究中，金属往往成为生态毒理学影响的主要因素。然而，这些高影响分数主要是从未适应的模型中获得的，通常会导致几个数量级的高估。在最近的环境规划署/SETAC讲习班上达成了一项共识，认识到LCIA模型没有充分考虑金属的影响，因为它们忽略了金属的具体性质和行为，因此应该加以加强，以便提供更有意义的生态毒性结果。特别强调了考虑金属物种形成及其空间变异性的重要性，因为金属的命运和运输受到当地物理化学和生物参数的高度影响，而且相关的影响在不同地点可能有几个数量级的差异。该项目的主要目标是在全球区域化的LCIA方法impact World +中改进金属冲击表征，考虑到空间和时间方面。具体目标是：1)改进大气命运模型，确定从空气到其他环境舱室的命运因子；2)将金属形态纳入土壤命运因子的确定；3)产生新的金属生态毒理学陆地效应因子，占金属物种形成的比重；4)确定如何处理时间方面的问题，并提出一个动态的方法；5)提出一个总体框架，以确定锌、铜和镍在不同地理分辨率尺度下排放到空气和土壤中的区际生态毒理学表征因子（CFs）及其不确定性，并在案例研究中实施其使用；6)将总体框架扩展到其他类型的金属，生成额外的金属CFs，并将其纳入IMPACT World+ LCIA方法。金属影响评估的改进将提高LCA的科学相关性和可信度，并使从业者和决策者接受它。

Metals often appear as main contributors to ecotoxicological impacts in life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) studies. However, these high impact scores are mainly obtained from unadapted models, often leading to an overestimation by several orders of magnitude. A consensus was reached in recent UNEP/SETAC workshops recognizing that LCIA models inadequately consider the impacts of metals given that they neglect their specific properties and behaviour and should therefore be enhanced in order to provide more meaningful ecotoxicity results. In particular, the importance of accounting for metal speciation and its spatial variability was highlighted, as metal fate and transport are highly influenced by local physicochemical and biological parameters, and as related impacts can vary by several orders of magnitude from site to site. The main goal of the project is to improve metal impact characterization within the globally regionalized LCIA method IMPACT World + accounting for spatial and temporal aspects. Specific objectives are to: 1) Improve atmospheric fate modelling in the determination of the fate factors from air to other environmental compartments; 2) Include metal speciation in the determination of fate factors from soil; 3) Generate new ecotoxicological terrestrial effect factors for metals accounting for metal speciation; 4) Determine how to deal with temporal aspects and propose a dynamic approach; 5) Propose a general framework to determine regionalized ecotoxicological characterization factors (CFs) and their uncertainty at different geographical resolution scales for zinc, copper and nickel for emissions to air and to soil and operationalize their use in case studies, and 6) Extend the general framework to other types of metals, generate additional metal CFs and incorporate them into the IMPACT World+ LCIA method. The improved impact assessment of metals will enhance the scientific relevance and the credibility of LCA and its acceptance by practitioners and decision makers.