Writing out an electrochemical biosensor using a pencil graphite

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Because the quality of global healthcare delivery is based upon diagnostic capacity, advances in miniaturization of engineering technologies is fueling the development of portable electronic diagnostic instruments. Where, once a stand-alone, well-equipped, central laboratory was required to perform all tests, now portable electronics go directly to patients, wherever they may be. The key component is developing engineering processes and procedures for creating low-cost, portable, and sensitive sensors.     Traditional methods of detecting biomolecules use ELISA techniques in conjunction with fluorescent detection. This approach does not lend itself to miniaturization and portability because of the optical and electrical-power requirements. The most promising avenue for developing portable, low-power detection is with advances in engineering related to electronic sensors that directly detect target biomolecules using electrochemical approaches. Developments in engineering micro-technology and the availability of ultra-low-power electronics make possible the next generation of electronic sensors for detecting biomolecules and disease markers.     Our proposal explores new engineering techniques and methods to activate carbon and graphite electrodes to enhance their electrochemical sensitivity. To create biomolecule sensitive electrodes, we will use an activation process using a programmed sequence electrical-signal to enhance the surface sensitivity of carbon and graphite. Further, the activation process will allow detection of disease-causing pathogens with excellent selectivity. We will explore other methods to enhance the sensitivity of the electrodes using simple material-coating techniques. These methods are applicable for electrochemical systems that will detect trace and volatile biomolecules. In order for these diagnostics and screening systems to be usable in remote and impoverished areas, the system must use low-cost electronics, and it must interface with already available mobile phones and tablets for its computing power and data processing capabilities.     The proposed research program will enable the engineering of applied systems and open avenues for fundamental discovery in molecular and material science associated with health. This research and development with a scientific and engineering approach to create effective sensors applicable in this area will enable innovative solutions as well as technological and training opportunities for Canadian students and researchers. The IP created by this research will result in Canadian high-tech spin-offs that can produce the next generation of point-of-care diagnostic instrumentation and life-saving technology. This research and development will contribute not only to Canada, but also to global causes and the welfare of all of humanity.