Behavioural physiology and fitness of anadromous migrating fish

研究了溯河产卵太平洋鲑（Oncorhynchus spp.）能量消耗大，生理压力大。鱼类在从海洋进入淡水前几天到几周停止进食，并将一半以上，甚至更多的能量储备用于到达产卵区。最初的低能量，或应激水平升高，代谢功能障碍，疾病或极端环境（例如高河流温度或排放），可能导致迁移死亡或产卵受损。种群在进入淡水的时间、迁移距离和海拔高度方面差异很大;因此种群遇到不同的沿海和河流条件。种群在能量使用、繁殖力、迁移存活和产卵成功率方面差异很大。而且，有些人暴露在更极端的环境和更高水平的剥削和相关的更高水平的捕食者和人为伤害比其他人。因此，太平洋鲑鱼种群是理想的研究健康的后果，对成熟和迅速衰老的成年动物的迁移经验和结转影响到后代。一般来说，环境变化的作用，以及成年人的条件之前，期间和之后的迁移，个人的生殖成功知之甚少。 我们的长期目标是建立一个更广泛的了解之间的联系，行为，生理，病原体负荷和疾病的迁移成年太平洋鲑鱼在这些如何影响生殖成功和健身。我们的工作是在加拿大最大的野生鲑鱼生产地--加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省弗雷泽河流域进行的。我们研究红鲑鱼（最具商业价值和第二丰富的太平洋鲑鱼物种）和粉红鲑鱼（最丰富的物种）。我们将进行大型实验，并使用组织活检和基因组方法来研究太平洋鲑鱼的各种适应性代理如何受到以下因素的影响：I）成年人经历的迁移温度，创伤和病原体的实验差异，II）成年人经历的迁移环境的自然差异，以及III）个体之间的差异在他们的生理条件之前/之后迁移。我们将在种群和物种之间比较I和III。在这项研究中，我们将使用不同的措施，卵子，精子，胚胎，鱼苗，和成人属性代理“健身”的后果，并将这些迁移环境和移民的生理状态。幼鲑产量的年际变化很大，不能简单地用产卵鱼数量的变化来解释，因此必须涉及其他因素。我们的研究结果将突出成年产卵的质量，条件和迁移经验的重要性，并提供了一个机械的代际后果和结转效应的理解。

The homeward spawning migration of adult anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) is energetically expensive and physiologically stressful. Fish stop feeding days to weeks before entering freshwater from the ocean and commit over half, and often much more, of energy reserves to reach spawning areas. Initially low energy, or elevated levels of stress, metabolic dysfunction, disease, or extreme environments (e.g. high river temperatures or discharge), may result in migration mortality or impaired spawning. Populations vary greatly in run timing into freshwater, migration distance and elevation; hence populations encounter different coastal and river conditions. Populations vary considerably in energy use, fecundity, migration survival and spawning success. And, some are exposed to more extreme environments and much higher levels of exploitation and associated higher levels of predator and human induced injury than others. Pacific salmon populations are thus ideal for examining the fitness consequences on mature and rapidly senescing adult animals of migration experiences and carry-over effects to offspring. In general, the role of environmental variability, and that of adult condition before, during and after the migration, to the reproductive success of individuals is poorly understood. Our long-term objective is to establish a broader understanding of the linkages among behaviour, physiology, pathogen loads and disease of migrating adult Pacific salmon in terms of how these influence reproductive success and fitness. Our work is conducted in the Fraser River watershed BC, the largest producer of wild salmon in Canada. We study sockeye, the most commercially valuable and second most abundant Pacific salmon species and pink salmon, the most abundant species. We will conduct large experiments and use tissue biopsy and genomic approaches to investigate how various proxies of fitness in Pacific salmon are influenced by: I) experimental variance in migration temperatures, wounding and pathogens experienced by adults, II) natural variance in the migration environment experienced by adults, and III) differences among individuals in their physiological condition before/after migration. We will compare I to III among populations and species. In this research we will use different measures of eggs, sperm, embryos, fry, and adult attributes as proxies for ‘fitness’ consequences and relate these to migration environment and migrant physiological state. There is considerable inter-annual variability in production of juvenile salmon which cannot be explained by simple considerations of variability in number of spawners, so other factors must be involved. Our results will highlight the importance of the quality, condition and migration experience of adult spawners and provide a mechanistic understanding of intergenerational consequences and carry-over effects.