Apple proanthocyanidins and their metabolites: mechanisms of action in biological systems

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Canada faces significant challenges from population chronic and metabolic disease epidemics, which are directly or indirectly linked to the human diet. The regular consumption of diets rich in fruits and vegetables has been consistently associated with the promotion of beneficial physiological functions leading to human health and wellness. These health benefts have been attributed to biologically active, plant–based polyphenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, commonly found in fruits and vegetables. A large body of epidemilogical studies has strongly suggested that habitual