New technologies to understand the interplay of protein modifications in human diseases

该应用主要集中在开发新的质谱（MS）策略和数据挖掘方法，以分析影响重要细胞过程的蛋白质修饰的动态变化，如转录调控，蛋白质易位和降解，这些过程在癌症发展过程中经常被错误调控。在哺乳动物细胞中，大量的酶通过共价连接200多种不同类型的翻译后修饰（PTM）来影响蛋白质的生物活性，其中许多翻译后修饰靶向相同的氨基酸（例如，赖氨酸残基可以通过甲基化、乙酰化、泛素化或类小泛素化来修饰）。虽然MS一直是一个关键的技术，在提供精确的信息的性质和网站的PTM，这些任务仍然具有挑战性的低丰度和动态性质的这些修改。这些困难与缺乏方便的亲和层析方法来从复杂的细胞提取物中富集修饰的蛋白质并确定不同类型的修饰之间的相互依赖性相结合。为了应对这些挑战，我们将开发特定的富集和检测方法，以识别和分析人类细胞中的蛋白磷酸化和SUMO化，并应用这些技术来确定旁系同源特异性SUMO底物以及它们如何响应As2O3和细胞因子进行调节，已知这些物质会影响蛋白SUMO化和随后的蛋白酶体降解。开发的工具将用于鉴定新型底物，确定位点占用的变化，并将蛋白质修饰与特定酶活性（例如，特定E3 SUMO连接酶或SUMO蛋白酶靶向的修饰的SUMO化底物）相关联。我们预计，作为该提案一部分的发展不仅将扩大大规模蛋白质组学和药物发现计划的范围和应用，而且还将进一步了解这些修饰在人类疾病中的调控和意义。

This application is primarily centered on the development of novel mass spectrometry (MS) strategies and data mining approaches to profile the dynamic changes in protein modifications affecting important cellular processes such as transcriptional regulation, protein translocation and degradation that are often misregulated during cancer development. In mammalian cells, a large array of enzymes affects the biological activities of proteins through the covalent attachment of more than 200 different types of post-translational modifications (PTMs), many of them targeting the same amino acid (e.g. lysine residues can be modified by methylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation or sumoylation). Although MS has been a key technology in providing precise information on the nature and site of PTMs, these tasks remain challenging in view of the low abundance and the dynamic nature of these modifications. These difficulties are compounded with the lack of convenient affinity chromatography approaches to enrich modified proteins from complex cell extracts and determine the interdependence between different types of modifications. To address these challenges, we will develop specific enrichment and detection methods to identify and profile protein phosphorylation and sumoylation in human cells, and apply these technologies to determine paralog-specific SUMO substrates and how they are regulated in response to As2O3 and cytokines, which are known to affect protein sumoylation and subsequent proteasome degradation. The tools developed will be use to identify novel substrates, determine changes in site occupancy and correlate protein modifications with specific enzyme activities (e.g. modified sumoylated substrates targeted by specific E3 SUMO ligase or SUMO proteases). We anticipate that developments made as part of this proposal will not only expand the scope and application of large-scale proteomics and drug discovery programs but will also provide further insights on the regulation and significance of these modifications in human diseases.