Reaction kinetics and particle agglomeration studies in support of heavy oil and bio-oil upgrading

常规原油储量的减少导致非常规资源的产量增加，如加拿大油砂中的沥青和生物质转化的燃料。在加拿大，使用现有技术估计可从油砂中开采1680亿桶，而世界各地越来越多的生物燃料研究反映了由于温室气体排放、能源多样化的优势和传统化石燃料储量下降而引起的环境问题。与传统燃料相比，由生物质转化过程产生的生物油具有以下较差的性质：较高的氧含量、降低的热值、较大的粘度和化学不稳定性。沥青和生物油都需要升级工艺来生产与从常规原油中获得的那些类似的有价值的燃料和化学品。

Diminishing conventional crude oil reserves have led to increased production from unconventional resources, such as bitumen from the Canadian oil sands and fuels converted from biomass. In Canada, an estimated 168 billion barrels are recoverable from the oil sands using available technologies, while increasing biofuel research throughout the world reflects environmental concerns due to greenhouse gas emissions, advantages of energy diversification, and declining conventional fossil fuel reserves. Bio-oils produced from biomass conversion processes have the following inferior properties compared to conventional fuels: higher oxygen content, reduced heating value, greater viscosity, and chemical instability. Both bitumen and bio-oils require upgrading processes to produce valuable fuels and chemicals similar to those obtained from conventional crude oils.