Black phosphorus: synthesis, characterization and energy storage applications

这项拟议研究的目标将应用纳米材料和纳米技术来解决高性能钠离子电池作为用于固定式和电动汽车的下一代储能技术开发的关键挑战。通过对新型2D单层/超薄黑磷材料的创造性和创新性制造和储能应用，WESTERN的孙博士和Sham博士、麦克马斯特的Botton博士、SFU的Eikerling博士和3M Canada公司将合作推进高性能钠离子电池技术。这一创新的研究项目将充分利用申请者在电池、同步加速器分析、显微镜和模拟方面的纳米技术专业知识。基于黑磷作为钠离子电池负极材料的理论容量最高(2596mAHg-1)，预计所开发的技术将显著降低成本并提高钠离子电池的能量密度。这项研究的目标是开发三种方法来合成薄层和单层黑磷。此外，还将通过原子层沉积(ALD)和分子层沉积(MLD)方法稳定黑磷。随之而来的还有黑磷及其与石墨烯的复合材料作为钠离子电池负极材料的应用。该项目的一个重要方面是通过先进的表征技术(显微镜和同步加速器)以及理论计算提供的补充信息来了解黑磷的结构、形态、组成和电池性能。这些目标代表了创造2D纳米材料和获得高性能钠离子电池的新方法。拟议项目的成功完成将通过向加拿大能源和纳米技术行业转移新的知识、专业知识和技术，加快下一代钠离子电池的商业化进程，并直接减少环境污染，为加拿大工业和纳米技术界带来好处。

The objective of this proposed research will apply nanomaterial and nanotechnology to address the key challenges in development of high performance sodium (Na) ion batteries as next-generation energy storage technology used for stationary and electric vehicles. Through creative and innovative fabrication and energy storage applications of novel 2D single layer/ultra thin black phosphorus (phosphorene) material, Western's Dr. Sun and Dr. Sham, McMaster's Dr. Botton, SFU's Dr. Eikerling and 3M Canada will collaboratively advance high performance Na ion battery technologies. This innovative research project will take full advantage of the Applicants' expertise in nanotechnology for batteries, synchrotron analysis, microscopy and simulation. It is expected the techniques developed will significantly lower costs and improve energy density of Na ion batteries based on the fact that black phosphorus has the highest theoretical capacity (2596 mAh g-1) as anode materials for Na ion batteries. The goals of this proposed research are to develop three methods to synthesize thin and single layer black phosphorus. Further, black phosphorus will be stabilized by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) methods. Along with these methods will be the application of black phosphorus and its composites with graphene as an anode material for Na ion batteries. An important aspect of the proposed project is to understand the structure, morphology, composition and battery performance of black phosphorus by advanced characterization techniques (microscopy and synchrotron) with supplementary information provided by theoretical calculations. These goals represent novel approaches to create 2D nanomaterials and obtain high-performance Na ion batteries. Successful completion of the proposed project will provide benefits to Canadian industry and the nanotechnology community by transferring new knowledge, expertise and technologies to Canadian energy and nanotechnology industries, by accelerating the next-generation Na ion battery commercialization process and by directly reducing environmental pollution.