Integrated Actuator/Sensor Design for Control of Distributed Parameter Systems

许多系统的动力学不仅取决于时间，而且取决于系统的空间分布。例子包括：流体流动、传输网络、结构振动、噪声。这些系统被称为分布参数系统（DPS），其模型涉及偏微分方程。这与集总参数系统不同，例如电路，其中模型是常微分方程。这给估计器和控制器的设计带来了许多复杂性。对于在空间中变化的系统的控制和估计，性能取决于控制器硬件，传感器和执行器的位置。最佳位置可能与根据物理直觉选择的位置不同。分析是至关重要的，因为通常很难移动硬件。例如，压电致动器/传感器在结构控制和估计中很有用，但一旦放置，就不能在不损坏结构的情况下移动。应该使用集成控制器/估计器设计和执行器/传感器位置的机电一体化方法。特别是传感器定位有许多应用。这些应用包括传感器放置在结构上，恒温器放置以提高建筑效率，传感器放置以研究湖泊的环境变化。其中一个问题涉及到传感器的选择：对于给定的预算，哪种选择产生更好的性能，少量的高质量传感器还是大量的廉价传感器？为了获得对污染物位置的最佳估计，对移动传感器的最佳控制是什么？许多传感器或执行器，特别是那些由智能材料组成的，可以制作成相当任意的形状。对于给定的应用程序和大量材料，实现评估（或控制目标）的最佳形状是什么？***传感器定位的结果自然会导致建立联合执行器/传感器定位策略，作为输出反馈控制器设计集成方法的一部分。主要研究者最近的研究在一些致动器定位问题上取得了基础性的成果，这些成果将有助于今后的研究。需要在理论和计算方面取得进展。将发展包括传感器和执行器对系统动力学影响的理论。一种能够适用于任意空间域的高效算法至关重要。集成DPS控制器设计意味着硬件位置与控制器/估计器开发集成。许多过程是非线性的。例子包括大振动、相变加热、智能材料、锂离子电池的电荷估计。这些系统既需要控制和估计的理论，也需要可用于实际综合的方法。结合执行器/传感器位置的结果，这将导致DPS的集成控制器设计策略。* * * * *

The dynamics of many systems depend  not only on time, but also on the spatial distribution of the system. Examples include: fluid flow, transmission networks, structural vibrations, acoustic noise. These systems are known as distributed parameter systems (DPS) and models involve partial differential equations. This is different from lumped parameter systems, such as circuits, where the models are ordinary differential equations. This introduces a number of complexities into estimator and controller design.***For  control and estimation of systems that vary in space, performance depends on the location of controller hardware, the sensors and actuators. The best locations may be different from those chosen based on physical intuition. Analysis is crucial, as it is often difficult to move hardware. For example, piezo-electric actuator/sensors are useful in structural control and estimation, but once placed, cannot be moved without damaging the structure. A mechatronic approach that  integrates controller/estimator design  with actuator/sensor location should be used. Sensor location in particular has many applications. These applications include sensor placement on structures, thermostat placement to improve building efficiency and sensor placement to study environmental changes in lakes. One question involves sensor selection: for a given budget, which choice yields better performance, a small number of quality sensors or a larger number of cheap sensors? What is the best control of moving sensors in order to obtain the best estimate of a contaminant location? Many sensors or actuators, particularly those composed of smart materials, can be produced in fairly arbitrary shapes. For a given application, and mass of material, what is the best shape for achieving estimation (or a control objective)?***Results on sensor location will lead naturally to establishing a strategy for joint actuator/sensor location as part of an integrated approach to output feedback controller design.  Recent research by the principal investigator led to fundamental results on some actuator location problems and these results will be helpful in the proposed research.***Advances in theory and computation are needed. Theory that includes the effect on system dynamics of sensors and actuators will be developed. An efficient algorithm that can be used for arbitrary spatial domains is critical. Integrated DPS controller design means that hardware location is integrated with controller/estimator development.***Many processes are nonlinear. Examples include large vibrations, heating with phase change, smart-materials, charge estimation in lithium-ion batteries. Both theory for control and estimation of these systems, and methods that can be used for practical synthesis, are needed. Combined with results on actuator/sensor location this will lead to a integrated controller design strategy for DPS. *** **