Evolution of modern fish faunas: origins, phylogeny, biogeography and environmental adaptations

现代鱼类区系的进化：起源、系统发育、生物地理学和环境适应

• 批准号: RGPIN-2018-04359
• 负责人: Murray, Alison
• 金额: $ 2.4万
• 依托单位: University of Alberta
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2018
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2018-01-01 至 2019-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=660475
• 关键词: Evolution; modern; fish; faunas; origins

Fish represent well over 50% of all living vertebrates: they are extremely diverse and found in almost every aquatic habitat. They are commercially valuable as a major food source, as well as in the aquarium trade, and for recreational fishing. Despite their value, there is still a great deal unknown about the evolutionary relationships among many lineages, and how they adapted to their current habitats.*** This research proposal is to study key lineages of fish from the last 100 million years of life. This period spans a time of major adaptive radiation of different groups of fish as well as the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous when the dinosaurs went extinct. Many fish lineages survived this extinction event, and others arose after the end-Cretaceous when new habitats became available with extinction of earlier forms. This mix of survivors and new species form our modern fish faunas. Study of the fish from the last 100 million years is important for understanding the evolution and distribution in geographic space and through geological time (historical biogeography) of modern fish. Fish are of particular biogeographical interest as they are limited in their dispersal abilities based on freshwater connections, abyssal sea depths, and land barriers, and so they are good indicators of past terrestrial and seaway connections, and past environmental conditions.*** We will study fish from about 95–18 million years ago and compare them with living members of their lineages, in order to describe new forms and to document their adaptive diversity, determine their relationships, and understand how they came to be distributed in their current ranges and habitats. Many of the fish we will study are from commercially important groups, including the shads, herrings and anchovies. These studies will allow an understanding of how fish lineages adapted to changing environmental conditions in the past, and how they may respond to future environmental change. *** The new fossil fish that will be studied for this proposal will provide new avenues for exploration of the diversity of fishes before and after the end-Cretaceous extinction event, and give us an understanding of the adaptations of fish faunas to changing environments. Significant results expected of this proposal are to increase the number of fossil fish species known with descriptions of new taxa, to elucidate relationships among lineages previously unstudied, and to propose novel ideas on the evolution and changing environments that helped shape our modern fish faunas.

鱼类占所有现存脊椎动物的50%以上：它们种类繁多，几乎在所有水生栖息地都能找到。它们作为一种主要的食物来源具有商业价值，在水族贸易和休闲钓鱼中也是如此。尽管它们很有价值，但关于许多谱系之间的进化关系，以及它们如何适应目前的栖息地，仍有很多未知之处。这项研究计划是研究过去1亿年来鱼类的主要谱系。这一时期跨越了不同鱼类群体的主要适应性辐射时期，以及白垩纪末期恐龙灭绝的大灭绝事件。许多鱼类在这次灭绝事件中幸存下来，而其他鱼类则是在白垩纪末期出现的，当时随着早期鱼类的灭绝，新的栖息地出现了。这种幸存者和新物种的混合形成了我们现代的鱼类群落。对近1亿年鱼类的研究对于了解现代鱼类在地理空间和地质时间（历史生物地理学）上的进化和分布具有重要意义。鱼类具有特殊的生物地理学意义，因为它们的传播能力受到淡水连接、深海深度和陆地屏障的限制，因此它们是过去陆地和海洋连接以及过去环境条件的良好指标。***我们将研究大约9500万至1800万年前的鱼类，并将它们与其血统的现存成员进行比较，以描述新的形式并记录它们的适应性多样性，确定它们的关系，并了解它们是如何在当前的范围和栖息地分布的。我们将研究的许多鱼都来自商业上重要的鱼类，包括斑马鱼、鲱鱼和凤尾鱼。这些研究将使人们了解鱼类谱系如何适应过去不断变化的环境条件，以及它们如何应对未来的环境变化。***本次研究的新鱼类化石将为探索白垩纪末灭绝事件前后鱼类的多样性提供新的途径，并使我们了解鱼类种群对变化环境的适应。这一建议的重要成果是增加已知化石鱼类的数量和新分类群的描述，阐明以前未研究的谱系之间的关系，并对进化和变化的环境提出新的想法，这些环境有助于塑造我们的现代鱼类种群。