Evolution of modern fish faunas: origins, phylogeny, biogeography and environmental adaptations

鱼类占所有现存脊椎动物的50%以上：它们非常多样化，几乎在每个水生栖息地都能找到。它们作为主要的食物来源，以及在水族馆贸易和休闲捕鱼中具有商业价值。尽管它们的价值，仍然有很多关于许多血统之间的进化关系，以及它们如何适应当前栖息地的未知数。这项研究计划是研究过去1亿年来鱼类的关键谱系。这一时期跨越了不同鱼类群体的主要适应性辐射以及白垩纪末恐龙灭绝时的大规模灭绝事件。许多鱼类谱系在这次灭绝事件中幸存下来，而其他鱼类则在白垩纪末出现，当时新的栖息地随着早期物种的灭绝而出现。幸存者和新物种的混合形成了我们现代的鱼类动物群。研究近1亿年来的鱼类对于了解现代鱼类在地理空间和地质时间（历史地理学）中的进化和分布非常重要。鱼类具有特殊的地理学意义，因为它们的扩散能力有限，基于淡水连接，深海深度和陆地障碍，因此它们是过去陆地和海道连接以及过去环境条件的良好指标。我们将研究大约95.18亿年前的鱼类，并将它们与其谱系中的活成员进行比较，以描述新的形式，并记录它们的适应性多样性，确定它们的关系，并了解它们如何分布在当前的范围和栖息地。我们将研究的许多鱼类都来自商业上重要的群体，包括鲱鱼，鲱鱼和鲱鱼。这些研究将有助于了解鱼类谱系如何适应过去不断变化的环境条件，以及它们如何应对未来的环境变化。 这项研究所研究的新化石鱼类将为探索白垩纪末灭绝事件前后鱼类的多样性提供新的途径，并使我们了解鱼类动物群对变化环境的适应。这一提议的预期结果是增加已知的鱼类化石数量，并描述新的分类群，阐明以前未研究过的谱系之间的关系，并提出有关进化和改变环境的新想法，这些想法有助于塑造我们现代鱼类动物群。

Fish represent well over 50% of all living vertebrates: they are extremely diverse and found in almost every aquatic habitat. They are commercially valuable as a major food source, as well as in the aquarium trade, and for recreational fishing. Despite their value, there is still a great deal unknown about the evolutionary relationships among many lineages, and how they adapted to their current habitats. This research proposal is to study key lineages of fish from the last 100 million years of life. This period spans a time of major adaptive radiation of different groups of fish as well as the mass extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous when the dinosaurs went extinct. Many fish lineages survived this extinction event, and others arose after the end-Cretaceous when new habitats became available with extinction of earlier forms. This mix of survivors and new species form our modern fish faunas. Study of the fish from the last 100 million years is important for understanding the evolution and distribution in geographic space and through geological time (historical biogeography) of modern fish. Fish are of particular biogeographical interest as they are limited in their dispersal abilities based on freshwater connections, abyssal sea depths, and land barriers, and so they are good indicators of past terrestrial and seaway connections, and past environmental conditions. We will study fish from about 9518 million years ago and compare them with living members of their lineages, in order to describe new forms and to document their adaptive diversity, determine their relationships, and understand how they came to be distributed in their current ranges and habitats. Many of the fish we will study are from commercially important groups, including the shads, herrings and anchovies. These studies will allow an understanding of how fish lineages adapted to changing environmental conditions in the past, and how they may respond to future environmental change. The new fossil fish that will be studied for this proposal will provide new avenues for exploration of the diversity of fishes before and after the end-Cretaceous extinction event, and give us an understanding of the adaptations of fish faunas to changing environments. Significant results expected of this proposal are to increase the number of fossil fish species known with descriptions of new taxa, to elucidate relationships among lineages previously unstudied, and to propose novel ideas on the evolution and changing environments that helped shape our modern fish faunas.