Inertial cues, landmarks, and geometrical cues in spatial memory and navigation

我的研究计划的总体目标是增加我们对人们如何在记忆中表示空间信息以及人们如何使用空间记忆进行导航的理解。我提出了四条研究路线来调查（1）边界是否（例如墙）比单个界标更高级上级（2）人们如何使用地标和几何信息在城市中重新定向，（3）惯性线索是否（身体运动信号）和视觉线索在运动过程中有助于空间表示的路线，以及（4）是否和何时视觉信息可以重置路径集成系统。* 理论上，边界而不是地标对于编码形成认知地图的位置很重要。在拟议的研究中，我将调查人们是否表示interobject空间关系更好地当他们学习每个对象与边界的存在比当他们学习每个对象与地标的存在。* 许多研究都研究了人们如何使用地标和几何信息来重新定位房间。我以前的工作表明，相对于房间的重定向可能不同于相对于大规模环境的重定向。在拟议的研究中，我将调查是否一个地标和街道配置将竞争和整合在编码对象的位置。* 已经假设惯性线索（身体运动信号）和视觉线索都有助于多模态空间表征。我将测试另一个假设，即惯性线索可能不会直接有助于空间表征，因为惯性线索是由视觉线索校准的，但反之亦然。在拟议的研究中，我将调查视觉线索和惯性线索之间的重新校准是否会影响空间表征，学习与视觉线索或惯性线索的存在。* 在文献中，没有系统地研究视觉信息是否以及何时可以重置路径整合系统的人类研究。在拟议的研究中，参与者需要在看到移位的地标后再走一条腿。如果它们的估计位置由移位的地标确定，则将支持视觉信息可以重置路径集成系统。* 拟议的研究应该大大推进我们对人们如何使用不同类型的可用信息的理解，包括由于身体运动，视觉地标和环境几何形状（边界）而产生的惯性线索，以组织他们的空间记忆并在空间中导航。人类空间记忆和导航的当代理论将被测试，对比和修改。该研究还可应用于人类导航系统的设计，教育和城市规划。

The general objective of my research program has been to increase our understanding of how people represent spatial information in memory and how people use spatial memory for navigation. I propose four lines of research to investigate (1) whether a boundary (e.g. a wall) is superior to a single landmark (e.g. a tree) in encoding spatial relations between locations, (2) how people use landmarks and geometrical information to reorient in a city, (3) whether the inertial cues (body movement signals) and the visual cues during locomotion contribute to spatial representations of a route, and (4) whether and when visual information can reset the path integration system. ***It is theorized that a boundary rather than a landmark is important to encode locations forming cognitive maps. In the proposed research, I will investigate whether people represent interobject spatial relations better when they learn each object with the presence of a boundary than when they learn each object with the presence of a landmark. ***Many studies have examined how people use landmarks and geometrical information to reorient in a room. My previous work showed that reorientation relative to a room might be different from reorientation relative to a large scale environment. In the proposed research, I will investigate whether a landmark and a street configuration will compete and integrate in encoding locations of objects. ***It has been hypothesized that both inertial cues (body movement signals) and visual cues contribute to a multi-modal spatial representations. I will test an alternative hypothesis that the inertial cues might not directly contribute to spatial representations because inertial cues are calibrated by the visual cues but not vice versa. In the proposed research, I will investigate whether the recalibration between visual cues and inertial cues will affect spatial representations that are learned with the presence of visual cues or inertial cues only. ***In the literature, there is no human study systematically investigating whether and when visual information can reset the path integration system. In the proposed research, participants need to walk another leg after they see displaced landmarks. If their estimated position is determined by the displaced landmark, it would support that the visual information can reset the path integration system. ***The proposed research should significantly advance our understanding of how people use different types of available information including inertial cues due to body movement, visual landmarks, and environment geometries (boundaries) to organize their spatial memory and to navigate in spaces. Contemporary theories of human spatial memory and navigation will be tested, contrasted, and modified. The proposed research also has applications in designs of human navigation systems, educations, and urban planning.