Titanium derived nuclear cleanup agents

核扩散是人类面临的最危险、最令人不安的问题之一。建立全面禁止核试验条约组织（全面禁试条约组织）是为了监测世界范围内的核活动。除地震台站外，禁核试条约组织还拥有近100个站点，用于检测氙的放射性同位素，这些放射性同位素仅在核爆炸期间或正在生产有害同位素（如钚）时发生。来自合法电力和医疗同位素反应堆的氙同位素的背景水平产生了如此多的背景，以至于发现不法核活动的信心水平不再处于可接受的水平。Ag-ETS-10是一种特殊的氙吸附剂，能够去除合法核活动中产生的氙副产品。ETS-10实际上是一系列多晶型化合物，它们在与银（也就是氙）相互作用时的行为并不完全相同。鉴定和合成用于银交换和氙去除的ETS-10的单个多态性可以很好地识别最活跃的形式，并扩大ETS-10已经非常出色的氙集中能力。这项工作将制备和表征ETS-10的多态性，并生成ETS-10的框架替代，以建立最大的氙结合力。有希望的材料将在一个互动项目中被送到禁核试条约组织，以减轻氙气背景问题，并允许更可靠地发现流氓核活动。******ETS-2是一种可交换的高表面积纳米钛。与分子筛不同，ETS-2的所有活性位点（~ 7 eq/kg）都在其表面，并且没有孔隙。与ETS-10非常相似，ETS-2将在其表面形成银纳米颗粒（通常约为5纳米）。银颗粒很容易与气态碘相互作用，因为ETS-2上的所有银颗粒都在结晶的外部，而不是在潮湿的溪流中可能被水“淹没”的内部。即使在相对较高的湿度下，ETS-2上的银基本上都对气态碘起反应。气态碘是核反应堆产生的主要污染物之一。目前它被大量的碳吸附剂捕获，这造成了大规模的处理问题。Ag-ETS-2等材料的碘捕获能力比碳高3个数量级。将其发展成成品将使从核反应堆中捕获的碘小型化，处理问题也相应减少。在这项工作中，ETS-2的银容量将得到最大化，并建立结合和成型技术，使材料成为坚固耐用的可用产品。有前途的材料将与加拿大原子能有限公司在其乔克河工厂合作。**

Nuclear proliferation is one of the most dangerous and troubling issues facing humanity. The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO) was established to monitor worldwide nuclear activities. In addition to seismic stations, CTBTO maintains nearly 100 sites for the detection of radioactive isotopes of xenon which only occur during nuclear explosions or if nefarious isotopes (such as plutonium) are being produced. The background level of xenon isotopes coming from legitimate power and medical isotope reactors is generating so much background that the confidence level in spotting rogue nuclear activities is no longer at an acceptable level. Ag-ETS-10 is an extraordinary xenon adsorbent capable of removing xenon byproducts generated in legitimate nuclear activities. ETS-10 is in fact a series of polymorphs which do not all behave the same when interacting with silver (and thus, xenon). Identifying and synthesizing individual polymorphs of ETS-10 for silver exchange and xenon removal could well identify the most active forms and magnify the already extraordinary xenon concentrating power of ETS-10. This work will prepare and characterize polymorphs of ETS-10 as well as generate a framework substitution of ETS-10 to establish a maximum xenon binding power. Promising materials will be sent to CTBTO in an interactive program to mitigate xenon background issues and allow surer detection of rogue nuclear operations. ******ETS-2 is an exchangeable high surface area nanotitanante. Unlike molecular sieves ETS-2 has all of his active sites (~ 7 eq/kg) on its surface and has no porosity. Much like ETS-10, ETS-2 will template the formation of silver nanoparticles (generally about 5 nm) on its surface. Silver particles readily interact with gaseous iodine because all silver particles on ETS-2 are on the crystallite exterior and not on the interior which in humid streams can be `flooded' with water. The silver on ETS-2 is essentially all reactive towards gaseous iodine even at relatively high humidity. Gaseous iodine is one of the major pollutants generated by nuclear reactors. It currently is captured by massive beds of carbon adsorbents which pose large-scale disposal problems. A material like Ag-ETS-2 has ~ 3 orders of magnitude greater iodine capture capacity than carbon. Developing this to a finished product would allow miniaturization of iodine capture from nuclear reactors with proportionally lower disposal issues. In this effort, the silver capacity of ETS-2 will be maximized and binding and forming techniques established to make the materials into a robust, usable product. Promising materials will be forwarded in a collaborative effort with the Atomic Energy Canada Ltd at their Chalk River facility. **