Moderating the activity of nickel and potassium catalysts for the gasification and activation of carbonaceous materials

调节镍和钾催化剂用于碳质材料气化和活化的活性

• 批准号: RGPIN-2015-05076
• 负责人: Hill, Josephine
• 金额: $ 2.55万
• 依托单位: University of Calgary
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2019-01-01 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=685627
• 关键词: Moderating; activity; nickel; potassium; catalysts

Catalysts are wonderful substances that enhance reaction rates, control the production of undesired products in chemical reactions, and contribute to over 35% of global gross domestic product. Used in over 90% of all industrial processes, catalysts reduce environmental impact by making the processes more energy and material efficient through the reduction of the severity of operating conditions and increased selectivity to the desired products, respectively. These processes can be made even more efficient and sustainable if the feeds and catalysts are obtained from materials that are otherwise viewed as waste, such as petroleum coke and forestry residues. Because the interactions between species are complex, however, unexpected results may be obtained by using wastes.***This proposal focuses on two related processes; namely, gasification and activation. Gasification is used to convert solids and liquids to gases that can be further used to produce power or other chemicals, while activation is used to convert carbonaceous materials into activated carbon for use as adsorbents and catalyst supports. During both processes, the carbon in the starting material (feed) is consumed to create a more porous material. In gasification, it is desirable to consume as much of the feed as possible, while in activation, only partial conversion of the feed occurs and the final product is a porous solid carbon with a surface area of at least several hundred metres squared per gram. Potassium and nickel are both excellent catalysts for gasification, and potassium catalysts are well used in the production of activated carbon. The challenges are that the catalysts can become deactivated and that the produced activated carbon often contains pores that are too small for the reaction of large hydrocarbons.***In this proposal, I would like to better understand how the interaction between potassium and nickel catalysts and a carbon surface (petroleum coke or model carbons) can be modulated by the introduction of modifiers (vanadium and calcium, etc.) to prevent deactivation during gasification and to result in larger pores during activation. Knowledge of these interactions will be applied when selecting and testing inexpensive, waste sources for the process feeds and catalysts. The use of these non-conventional sources will be beneficial in terms of both economic and environmental sustainability because materials are being reused/recycled, the process will be highly selective to the desired products, and the process energy requirements will be reduced.**

催化剂是一种奇妙的物质，可以提高反应速率，控制化学反应中不需要的产物的产生，并占全球国内生产总值的35%以上。在90%以上的工业过程中使用催化剂，通过降低操作条件的苛刻程度和提高对所需产品的选择性，使过程更加节能和材料效率，从而减少对环境的影响。如果原料和催化剂来自于被视为废物的材料，如石油焦和林业残留物，这些工艺可以变得更加高效和可持续。然而，由于物种之间的相互作用是复杂的，使用废物可能会获得意想不到的结果。该提案侧重于两个相关的过程，即气化和活化。气化用于将固体和液体转化为可进一步用于生产动力或其他化学品的气体，而活化用于将含碳材料转化为活性炭，用作吸附剂和催化剂载体。在这两个过程中，起始材料（进料）中的碳被消耗以产生更多孔的材料。在气化过程中，需要消耗尽可能多的进料，而在活化过程中，进料仅发生部分转化，最终产品是表面积至少为几百平方米/克的多孔固体碳。钾和镍都是气化的优良催化剂，钾催化剂在活性炭的生产中得到很好的应用。面临的挑战是催化剂可能会失活，而且生产的活性炭通常含有太小的孔，无法与大的烃类反应。在这个提议中，我想更好地理解钾和镍催化剂与碳表面（石油焦或模型碳）之间的相互作用如何通过引入改性剂（钒和钙等）来调节。以防止气化过程中的失活并在活化过程中产生较大的孔。在选择和测试工艺进料和催化剂的廉价废物来源时，将应用这些相互作用的知识。使用这些非传统来源在经济和环境可持续性方面都是有益的，因为材料正在被重复使用/回收，该过程将对所需产品具有高度选择性，并且过程能源需求将减少。