Adaptive transgenerational signaling; maternal and paternal effects on early life history in salmon

自适应跨代信号传导；

• 批准号: RGPIN-2019-06792
• 负责人: Heath, Daniel
• 金额: $ 3.42万
• 依托单位: University of Windsor
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2019
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2019-01-01 至 2020-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=689415
• 关键词: Adaptive; transgenerational; signaling; maternal; paternal

We know that local environmental conditions, like pollution and temperature changes, cause corresponding changes in early life stages of organisms that are reflected at the DNA level. These environmental changes can be rapid, and require the organism to adapt and evolve equally rapidly or face extinction. This strong selection and rapid evolution does not fit into a classical genetic selection model, so what is allowing these organisms to quickly alter the way their early life stages play out in response to changes in local environmental conditions?******My previous NSERC research focused on characterizing early life history variation in fish, with a particular focus on salmon. The results of that work have led me to conclude thatcontrary to widely-held theoriesthe rapid, responsive evolution of early life stages is partly (or even mostly) due to maternal and paternal effects outside of classical genetic inheritance that affect offspring through transgenerational signaling (“TS”). While maternal effects have been found across taxa (paternal effects have not been as widely studied), we know very little about their adaptive potential or the subcellular mechanisms through which they work.******So, this proposal addresses three important questions about TS as an evolutionary force for rapid adaptation: 1) “What are the genetic, epigenetic and environmental components of TS?”, 2) “What are the sub-cellular mechanisms of TS?”, and 3) “Does TS provide a measureable benefit for offspring fitness?” By answering those questions among populations of Chinook salmon and rainbow trout, I will determine if TS is a major driver of local adaptation in salmon. Specifically, I will manipulate maternal and paternal environments independently in nested breeding experiments, allowing direct maternal and paternal effect estimation. I will explore the specific sub-cellular (epigenetic) factors contributing to TS, and determine how variation in those signals affect offspring fitness.******My proposed research program will have important implications for both basic and applied sciences. Although there are many examples of rapid evolution, my research will contribute to our understanding of how this evolution takes place. Specifically, my NSERC research will contribute to evolutionary and ecological theory by redefining TS as an exciting and novel paradigm for rapid evolution of local adaptation to environmental variation and stress. The applied outcomes will not be limited to salmon, or even fishes, but would apply to all vertebrates exhibiting local adaptation. Managers and conservation biologists will change how they work to preserve local populations: the unit of conservation would switch from “populations” to “TS profiles.” Hatchery managers (both government and aquaculture) will focus on how the parents are treated prior to breeding to improve reintroduction, supplementation and commercial culture success.**

我们知道，当地的环境条件，如污染和温度变化，会导致生物体生命早期阶段相应的变化，这些变化会反映在DNA水平上。这些环境变化可能是迅速的，并要求生物体适应和进化同样迅速或面临灭绝。这种强烈的选择和快速的进化并不符合经典的遗传选择模型，那么，是什么让这些生物迅速改变它们早期生命阶段的方式，以应对当地环境条件的变化呢？******我以前的NSERC研究集中在表征鱼类的早期生活史变化，特别关注鲑鱼。这项工作的结果使我得出结论，与广泛持有的理论相反，生命早期阶段的快速反应进化部分（甚至大部分）是由于经典基因遗传之外的母亲和父亲的影响，这些影响通过跨代信号（“TS”）影响后代。虽然在各个分类群中都发现了母系效应（父系效应尚未被广泛研究），但我们对它们的适应潜力或它们工作的亚细胞机制知之甚少。******因此，该提案解决了关于TS作为快速适应的进化力量的三个重要问题：1)“TS的遗传、表观遗传和环境成分是什么？2)“TS的亚细胞机制是什么？”以及3)“TS是否为后代的健康提供了可测量的好处？”通过在奇努克鲑鱼和虹鳟种群中回答这些问题，我将确定TS是否是鲑鱼本地适应的主要驱动因素。具体而言，我将在巢式繁殖实验中独立操纵母系和父系环境，从而可以直接估计母系和父系的影响。我将探讨导致TS的特定亚细胞（表观遗传）因素，并确定这些信号的变化如何影响后代的适应性。******我提出的研究计划将对基础科学和应用科学产生重要影响。虽然有很多快速进化的例子，但我的研究将有助于我们理解这种进化是如何发生的。具体来说，我的NSERC研究将有助于进化和生态理论通过重新定义TS作为一个令人兴奋的和新颖的范式，为当地适应环境变化和压力的快速进化。应用结果将不仅限于鲑鱼，甚至鱼类，而是适用于所有表现出本地适应性的脊椎动物。管理人员和保护生物学家将改变他们保护当地种群的工作方式：保护单位将从“种群”转变为“TS档案”。孵化场管理人员（政府和水产养殖业）将重点关注如何在繁殖前处理亲本，以提高再引入、补充和商业养殖的成功率