Technical Characteristics and Market Design Aspects of Flexibility Service Provisions in Smart Grids

由于电力生产和用电同时发生，两者之间的不匹配会导致电力系统操作员对可靠性的担忧。随着电动汽车普及率的提高，高度可变和间歇性的可再生能源(RE)的日益普及，以及不确定的负载模式，需要在电力系统中提供更多的灵活性规定。这确实是因为供需不匹配的不确定性已经显著增加，可能是瞬间发生的，这就要求电网能够对这种突然波动做出反应，并在可接受的时间框架和成本内适应新的运行状态。*灵活性是指系统在可接受的成本阈值和时间窗口内从给定状态采取替代行动的能力，以响应一系列不确定的未来状态。在传统电网中，灵活性主要由可控发电机组提供，而在智能电网中，从需求侧的各种分布式能源(DER)提供双向灵活性是可能的。因此，灵活性的概念近年来一直受到关注。*本研究将进行全面的研究，以了解柔性服务提供的技术特征和未来柔性服务的系统需求，以及批发和零售层面的柔性服务的市场设计。该项目的主要研究目标是进行一次全面的审查，以量化目前正在使用的和独立系统运营商(ISO)正在考虑的灵活性服务市场设计，以满足未来的需求；借鉴不同市场的经验，提供关键的见解。调查批发和零售层面的各种灵活性资源的技术特点，以便参与ISO运营的辅助服务市场或本地分销公司(LDC)运营的零售市场。这些规定将包括储能系统(ESS)、需求响应(DR)、智能负载、电动汽车等。调查短期市场设计，以激励服务提供商的灵活性，这是配合RE日益普及所必需的。从市场的角度关注日内市场和平衡市场，特别关注对市场参与者的激励，包括那些与DSO电网相连的参与者。最后，在不影响用户舒适度的前提下，提出智能电网汇聚器优化集成DER的新框架，以提高系统的灵活性和安全性。研究将审查节点级别的灵活性和安全性要求，确定灵活性服务的DER的可用性，并同时确定聚合器的供应。

Since electric power production and its consumption occurs concurrently, a mismatch between them can result in reliability concerns for power system operators. The increasing penetration of highly variable and intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) and uncertain loading patterns from increasing penetration of electric vehicles, necessitates more flexibility provisions in the power system. This is indeed because the supply and demand mismatch uncertainty has increased significantly, can occur instantaneously, and this requires the power grid to be able to react to such sudden fluctuations and accommodate new operating states within an acceptable time-frame and cost.*** Flexibility is the ability of a system to adopt an alternate course of action from a given state, within an acceptable cost threshold and time window, to respond to a range of uncertain future states. While in the traditional power grids, flexibility has mainly been provided by controllable generating units, in the paradigm of smart grids, a bidirectional flexibility provision is possible from various distributed energy resources (DERs) at the demand side. Hence, the notion of flexibility has been receiving attention in recent years.*** The present research will carry out comprehensive studies to understand the technical characteristics of flexibility service provisions and the future system needs of flexibility services, and the market design of flexibility services both at the wholesale and retail level. The main research objectives of this project are to undertake a comprehensive review to quantify flexibility service market design both those currently in use and those being considered by independent system operators (ISOs) to address future needs; drawing on experiences from various markets to provide key insights. To investigate the technical characteristics of various flexibility resources at the wholesale and retail levels for participation in ISO operated ancillary service markets or Local Distribution Company (LDC) operated retail markets. These provisions will include energy storage systems (ESS), demand response (DR), smart loads, electric vehicles, etc. To investigate short-term market designs to incentivize the flexibility service providers, which is necessary to compliment the increasing penetration of RES. To focus on intra-day and balancing markets from a market point of view with particular focus on incentives for market participants, including those connected to the DSO grids. And finally, to propose novel frameworks for aggregators in smart grids for optimal integration of DERs to improve the system flexibly and security, while not affecting customer's comfort preferences. The research will examine the requirements of flexibility and security at nodal level, determine the availability of DERs for flexibility services, and simultaneously determine the aggregators' provisions.