Fire safety of subway cars and underground subway stations

建议的研究涉及地铁汽车和地下地铁站和隧道和建筑物中的大空间的消防安全。 它继续申请人在这些领域的研究计划，并利用过去几年从申请人进行的全面火灾实验中收集的知识和数据。 拟议的工作主要集中在改进和使用计算流体动力学（CFD）模型模拟火灾的地铁汽车，地下地铁站，以确定其对乘客和结构的影响。 将使用实验室设备（如锥形量热计）进行小规模实验，以确定地铁汽车中使用的材料的火灾特性，这些特性将用作计算流体动力学模型的输入。 申请人会将数值预测与已取得的实验数据作比较，以确定模型能否预测火车和地铁车站内不同阶段的火灾特征、火灾的热释放速率、车站和隧道内的烟雾流动情况以及通风系统的有效性。 还将考虑使用简单的疏散计算和疏散模型从车站疏散乘客，以确定火灾对乘客的影响，并评估可用的疏散路线和疏散策略的有效性。 这项研究的结果将是重要的隧道和地铁站的通风系统的设计和开发的工具，可用于消防部门，以帮助他们在预先规划他们的反应，在这些空间的火灾。拟议研究的另一部分涉及大空间的烟雾管理系统，如建筑物中的中庭。 这项工作继续了申请人在该领域的研究，其中进行了全尺寸实验以研究补充空气速度对排烟系统的有效性的影响，并验证用于模拟这些空间中的火灾的CFD模型。 这项工作将使用经验证的CFD模型，详细研究影响心房条件的参数，并调查申请人开发的相关性的适用范围。 这些相关性将提交给标准编写机构，以考虑纳入标准，以便工程师可以将其用于中庭烟雾管理系统的设计。

The proposed research deals with fire safety in subway cars and underground subway stations and tunnels and large spaces in buildings.  It continues the research program of the applicant in these areas and capitalizes on the knowledge and data gathered over the last few years from full-scale fire experiments performed by the applicant.  The proposed work focuses mostly on the improvement and use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models for modelling fires in subway cars, and underground subway stations to determine their impact on passengers and the structure.  Small-scale experiments using laboratory equipment, such as the cone calorimeter, will be conducted to determine the fire properties of materials used in subway cars, which will be used as inputs to the CFD models.  Comparisons will be made between the numerical predictions and experimental data already obtained by the applicant to determine whether the models can predict the fire characteristics during the different stages of fire development and the heat release rate of fires in traincars and subway stations, as well as smoke movement in the stations and tunnels and the effectiveness of the ventilation systems.  Occupant evacuation from the stations will also be considered using both simple egress calculations and evacuation models to determine the impact of fires on passengers and evaluate the effectiveness of the available egress routes and evacuation strategies.  The results of this research would be of importance for the design of ventilation systems in tunnels and subway stations and the tools developed can be used by fire departments to assist them in pre-planning their response to fires in these spaces. Another part of the proposed research deals with smoke management systems in large spaces, such as atria, found in buildings.  This work continues the research of the applicant in this area in which full-scale experiments were conducted to study the impact of make-up air velocity on the effectiveness of the smoke exhaust systems and to validate CFD models used to model fires in these spaces.  This work will use the validated CFD models to study in detail the parameters that influence the conditions in the atria and investigate the extend of applicability of the correlations developed by the applicant.  These correlations will be submitted to standard writing bodies to be considered for inclusion in the standards so they can be used by engineers for the design of the smoke management systems in atria.