Quasar Winds and Black Hole Growth at Cosmic Noon

在宇宙的中午，当宇宙大约是现在年龄的三分之一到一半的时候，两个星系和它们的中心超大质量黑洞都经历了爆炸性增长的阶段，这时恒星大量形成，落在黑洞上的气体以类星体的形式发出大量的光。类星体是星系演化中两个谜题的主要嫌疑犯：为什么最巨大的星系停止形成恒星，为什么黑洞的质量和它们的宿主星系如此紧密相关？迄今为止，对这两者最好的解释被归为“反馈”，这通常意味着从黑洞系统向宿主星系的气体中注入能量，以阻止恒星的继续产生，也许还会关闭类星体本身。了解超大质量黑洞是如何成长并影响它们所居住的星系的，仍然是理解星系在宇宙时间内演化的复杂历史的动力。我建议通过一个从小到大的多方面的项目来解决这些问题，重点关注我的长期目标，即解决黑洞如何生长的问题？它们的高能风的本质是什么？以及风最大的类星体对其所在星系的影响是什么？为了实现这些目标，我们将利用地面和天基天文台的优势，以及复杂的建模工作，将类星体的活动与发生类星体的星系演化联系起来。在科学上，该项目利用加拿大的专业知识积极领导国际倡议，包括空间和时间的遗产调查[LSST]联盟。具体的项目活动集中在为下一代调查开发模拟，旨在测量数千个黑洞的质量，用LSST开发支持AGN科学的工具，用强大的光谱模拟代码SimBAL模拟发光类星体流出物随时间的变化，用詹姆斯韦伯太空望远镜绘制类星体所在星系的结构和恒星形成图。在高增长的黑洞——发光的类星体——的高峰时期为目标，可以在这个宇宙正午的关键时期解开吸积和流出的相互作用。

At cosmic noon, when the universe was about a third to a half its present age, both galaxies and their central, supermassive black holes went through phases of explosive growth when stars were formed in abundance and gas falling onto the black holes gave off tremendous amounts of light as quasars. Quasars are the prime suspects in two puzzles of galaxy evolution: why did the most massive galaxies stop forming stars and why are the masses of black holes and their host galaxies so well correlated? The best explanations to date for both are categorized as "feedback", which generically means the injection of energy from the black hole system into the gas in the host galaxy to prevent the continuing production of stars and perhaps turn off the quasar itself. Understanding how supermassive black holes grow and influence the galaxies they inhabit remains a driver for understanding the complex history of galaxy evolution over cosmic time.  I propose to address these topics with a multi-faceted program operating from small to large scales by focussing on my long-term objectives of addressing the questions of How do black holes grow? What is the nature of their energetic winds? and What is the impact of the windiest quasars on their home galaxies?  In pursuit of these objectives, we will take advantage of access to ground and space-based observatories and sophisticated modelling efforts to put quasar activity in context with the evolution of the galaxies in which it occurs. Scientifically, this program leverages Canadian expertise into active leadership in international initiatives including the Legacy Survey for Space and Time [LSST] Consortium.  Specific program activities focus on developing simulations for next generation surveys aimed at measuring the masses of thousands of black holes, developing the tools to support AGN Science with LSST, modelling changes over time of the outflows from luminous quasars with the powerful spectral simulation code SimBAL, and mapping the structure and star formation in galaxies that host the quasars with the strongest winds with the James Webb Space Telescope.  Targetting high-growth black holes - luminous quasars - during their peak epoch enables the unpacking of the interplay of accretion and outflow at this critical era of cosmic noon.