Dusty cities, smoky skies, and old paint: air quality, climate, health, and cultural impacts of chemistry at atmospheric interfaces

尘土飞扬的城市、烟雾缭绕的天空和旧油漆：大气界面化学对空气质量、气候、健康和文化的影响

• 批准号: RGPIN-2021-04383
• 负责人: Styler, Sarah
• 金额: $ 2.11万
• 依托单位: McMaster University
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2021
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2021-01-01 至 2022-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=742916
• 关键词: Dusty; cities; smoky; skies; old

Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) influences Earth's climate, contributes to air quality reductions, and provides a surface for chemical reactions; these reactions, in turn, can influence the abundance of pollutant gases (e.g. O3 and NO2) and the fate of PM-associated species. Here, we propose research in four linked themes, each of which explores a different aspect of chemistry at atmospheric interfaces: 1-Photochemistry of dust and non--exhaust PM: implications for pollutant fate, PM composition, and urban air quality As vehicle emission regulations tighten, the contribution of non-exhaust sources (e.g. road dust, brake/tire wear) to urban PM loadings will increase. We propose to study a) reactive oxidant production by road dust, and the implications of this production for the fate of urban contaminants; b) the influence of dust--catalyzed organic transformations on PM composition and properties; and c) the impact of road dust/non--exhaust PM chemistry on the gas-phase composition of the urban atmosphere. 2-Climate, air quality, and health impacts of boreal wildfires Boreal wildfires are increasing in both frequency and intensity. We propose to a) quantify the conversion of NO2 to nitrous acid (HONO), an important atmospheric oxidant precursor, by boreal wildfire PM; b) apply size-exclusion chromatography coupled with UV-Vis detection to investigate the light--absorbing (i.e. climate--relevant) properties of this PM as a function of combustion conditions; and c) assess the lifetime and fate of toxic contaminants at the surface of wildfire ash. 3-New high--throughput instrumentation for study of PM-pollutant interactions In Themes 1 and 2, we quantify gas-surface interactions using flow tube instrumentation, which enables the detailed study of individual pollutant-substrate pairs. However, this approach is too time-consuming to permit exploratory (i.e. non-targeted) study of large PM sample sets. Motivated by medicinal and materials chemistry approaches to drug discovery and catalyst screening, we propose to a) develop and validate a new high--throughput modular photoreactor for study of pollutant gas-PM interactions; and b) apply this reactor to uncover predictive relationships between PM composition/properties and reactivity. 4-Exploring air quality challenges in museum environments Cultural heritage objects are displayed and stored in microclimate-like environments (e.g. frames and storage crates) and are thus susceptible to damage by emissions from enclosure materials (e.g. formaldehyde, acetic/formic acid). We propose to apply strategies developed in Themes 1-3 to a) quantify potential biases associated with formic acid sampling in museum environments; b) obtain kinetic data for gas-surface pairs relevant to museum storage environments; and c) implement these data in simple microclimate enclosure models, which will enable us to better interpret/apply pollutant measurements obtained in museum air quality campaigns.

大气颗粒物（PM）影响地球的气候，导致空气质量的降低，并为化学反应提供表面；这些反应反过来会影响丰度污染物的气体（例如O3和NO2）和PM相关物种的命运。 Here, we propose research in four linked themes, each of which explores a different aspect of chemistry at atmospheric interfaces: 1-Photochemistry of dust and non--exhaust PM: implications for pollutant fate, PM composition, and urban air quality As vehicle emission regulations tighten, the contribution of non-exhaust sources (e.g. road dust, brake/tire wear) to urban PM loadings will increase.我们建议研究a）通过道路粉尘产生反应性氧化物，以及该产量对城市污染物的命运的影响； b）粉尘 - 催化的有机转化对PM组成和特性的影响； c）道路灰尘/非豪斯PM化学对城市气氛的气相组成的影响。 2气候，空气质量和北方野火的健康影响在频率和强度上都在增加。我们建议a）通过北方野火量化No2向No2转换为No2（Hono），这是一个重要的大气氧化物前体； b）应用与UV-VIS检测结合的尺寸 - 排斥色谱法以研究该PM的光（即与气候 - 相关的）特性作为组合条件的函数； c）评估野火灰表面有毒污染物的生命和命运。 3-新的高 - 直发仪器，用于研究主题1和2中PM-污染物相互作用的研究，我们使用流管仪器量化了气体表面相互作用，这可以详细研究单个污染物 - 底物对。但是，这种方法太耗时了，无法允许大型PM样品集的探索性研究（即非目标）研究。由医学和材料化学方法进行药物发现和催化剂筛查的动机，我们建议a）开发和验证一种新的高通量 - 直播模块化光反应器，以研究污染物GAS-PM相互作用； b）将此反应器应用于发现PM组成/性质和反应性之间的预测关系。在博物馆环境中探索空气质量挑战文化遗产物体在微气候般的环境（例如框架和储物箱）中显示并存储，因此容易受到外壳材料的排放（例如，甲醛，乙酸，乙酸）的损害。我们建议将主题1-3中开发的策略应用于a）量化与博物馆环境中与形式酸采样相关的潜在偏见； b）获取与博物馆存储环境相关的气表面对的动力学数据； c）在简单的微气候围栏模型中实施这些数据，这将使我们能够更好地解释/应用博物馆空气质量运动中获得的污染物测量。