Diffuse Optical Probe for Breast Cancer Screening and Monitoring

拟议的研究计划旨在利用低成本、可获得的技术来改进乳腺癌筛查，以便早期发现和有效治疗。这项工作符合NSERC的资格标准，旨在根据现有数据开发或优化新的诊断技术。在北美，乳腺癌被列为癌症相关死亡的第二大原因。超声、X光乳房摄影和磁共振成像(MRI)通常用于乳腺癌检测，其中X光乳房X光摄影是乳腺癌检测的主要筛查技术。虽然X光乳房X光检查是乳腺癌筛查的主要手段，但它并不适合所有女性，因为它对年轻女性或乳房致密的女性的敏感度较低(67.8%)。此外，由于电离辐射的影响，它还具有潜在的健康风险。漫反射光谱学是一种相对较新的、非侵入性、非电离的乳腺癌诊断技术。在过去的三十年里，近红外光学成像发展非常迅速，目前，近红外光学成像方法已经被提出用于生物成像和传感。这项技术是一种非侵入性的、有前景的方法，用于极分散介质的成分和功能成像，如乳房。这项提议代表了一项正在进行的研究计划，旨在开发一种专有的手持漫反射光学乳房扫描(道布-SCAN)探头，以早期诊断乳腺癌。在过去的十年里，我们设计并成功测试了四代探头，代表了一种安全、非侵入性、便携和成本效益高的技术，它提供了有关乳腺组织成分的详细信息，这些成分是健康或癌症组织的标志。在这个阶段，道布扫描探头在临床研究中已被证明在表征包括乳腺癌组织在内的各种材料相对于健康组织的光吸收特性方面是有效的。然而，由于非均质组织和探头设计本身的复杂性，这种能力存在局限性-例如，道布扫描在乳房组织的功能和成分横断面成像中遇到了不准确的情况。此外，所使用的基于模型的算法计算量大，不利于实时应用。我们将整合实时成像系统、增强的图像重建算法以及易于使用的硬件和软件。利用光学模体和可用的临床测试结果，我们将建立智能，以更高的置信度提供关于乳房组织类型(正常、良性或癌症病变或感染)的位置和定量信息。解决这些问题还将使我们能够将该技术扩展到其他医疗保健应用程序。

The proposed research program aims to improve breast cancer screening for early detection and effective treatment using low-cost, accessible technologies. This work aligns with the NSERC eligibility criteria for research aiming to develop or optimize a new diagnostic technology based on available data. Breast cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of cancer-related death in North America. Ultrasound, x-ray mammography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are commonly used for breast cancer detection, where X-ray mammography is the primary screening technique for breast cancer detection. Although X-ray mammography is the principal modality for breast cancer screening, it is not suitable for all women because it has low sensitivity (67.8%) for younger women or women with dense breasts. In addition, it has a potential health risk due to the effect of ionizing radiation. Diffuse optical spectroscopy is a relatively new, non-invasive, and nonionizing technique for breast cancer diagnosis. Over the past three decades, near-infrared (NIR) optical imaging, has been developed very rapidly as currently, NIR optical imaging approaches have been advanced for biological imaging and sensing. This technique is a non-invasive and promising method for compositional and functional imaging of extremely scattering mediums, such as the breast. This proposal represents an ongoing research program towards developing a proprietary handheld diffuse optical breast-scanning (DOB-Scan) probe to diagnose breast cancer at an early stage. Over the past ten years, we have designed and successfully tested four generations of the probe, representing a safe, non-invasive, portable, and cost-effective technology that gives detailed information about breast tissue's constituents, which are markers for healthy or cancerous tissues. At this stage, the DOB-scan probe has proven effective in its previous iterations at characterizing the optical absorption properties of various materials, including cancerous breast tissue, relative to healthy tissue, in clinical studies. However, there are limitations on this ability both due to the complexity of non-homogenous tissue and probe design itself-for example, the DOB-Scan experiences inaccuracies in the breast tissue's functional and compositional cross-sectional imaging. In addition, the model-based algorithms used are expensive computationally, prohibiting real-time application. We would incorporate a real-time imaging system, enhanced algorithms for image reconstruction, and easy-to-use hardware and software. Using optical phantoms and available clinical test results, we will build intelligence to provide the location and quantitative information on the type of breast tissue (normal, benign, or cancerous lesions or infections) with a higher degree of confidence. Addressing these issues would also enable us to extend the technology to other healthcare applications.