How Individual Differences in Attention and Memory Relate to Who Remembers What

注意力和记忆力的个体差异如何与谁记得什么有关

• 批准号: RGPIN-2020-05839
• 负责人: Rule, Nicholas
• 金额: $ 2.91万
• 依托单位: University of Toronto
• 依托单位国家: 加拿大
• 项目类别: Discovery Grants Program - Individual
• 财政年份: 2022
• 资助国家: 加拿大
• 起止时间: 2022-01-01 至 2023-12-31
• 项目状态: 已结题
• 来源: https://www.nserc-crsng.gc.ca/ase-oro/Details-Detailles_eng.asp?id=764266
• 关键词: How; Individual; Differences; Attention; Memory

Egocentric. Self-absorbed. Narcissistic. The age of social media has popularized the idea that people now think of themselves more than anything else (Sedikides et al., 2018). With attention anchored on themselves, individuals may fail to notice, process, and remember other important things around them. The proposed research will quantify this deficit by relating individual differences in people's subclinical narcissistic tendencies to their recognition memory. In doing so, my team and I will identify what people recognize versus forget (Project 1), why they recognize those particular things (Project 2), and factors that might alter this. Foundational models of human memory posit a chain through which people perceive, process, and remember particular stimuli over others (Hitch et al., 2018). Whereas salient targets tend to captivate attention, stimuli that lack distinctions (e.g., fame, personal relevance, or otherwise remarkable features) often do not; people thus fail to recognize such targets later. For example, people tend to notice and remember cars of the same model as their own (Bourgeois et al., 2016). The similar car's self-relevance not only captures attention but serves the important purpose of helping to distinguish one's own vehicle from those of others (as in a crowded parking lot). Here, attention feeds memory by orienting cognitive resources to a particular object and encoding it for later use (inserting my key into the right vehicle). A thing's relevance and its distinctiveness thus collaborate to determine whether one successfully remembers it. People consequently remember people, places, and objects that matter to them personally (Rogers et al., 1977) but may also remember things that do not particularly matter if they stand out (e.g., a rare black swan swimming among a flock of white birds; Hunt, 2003). Here, I will determine how variability in individuals' basic behavioural traits (i.e., subclinical narcissism) predicts how well people recognize things. In pilot data, my lab found that individuals reporting higher levels of subclinical narcissism recognize fewer faces. Project 1 will confirm this result and establish whether it also applies to nonsocial stimuli. Project 2 will then exhume the mechanisms of this deficit by testing how various factors related to cognitive processing might explain it (e.g., effort, distraction, visual-cognitive differences). Finally, Project 3 will interrogate how perceivers' motivations contribute to those mechanisms while indirectly informing ameliorative tactics. This research will help to expound upon fundamental knowledge of the mind and human behaviour by relating individual trait differences to the basic functions and processes of memory. In doing so, the work will yield a richer understanding of how individuals vary in what they remember, why they remember, when they remember, and how this may vary according to basic elements of one's character.

以自我为中心。自我吸收。自恋。社交媒体的时代普及了这样一种观念，即人们现在比其他任何事物都要想到自己的想法（Sedikides等，2018）。由于关注自己，个人可能不会注意到，处理并记住周围的其他重要事情。拟议的研究将通过将人的亚临床自恋倾向与他们的识别记忆联系起来来量化这种赤字。这样一来，我和我的团队将确定人们认识到的对与忘记的认识（项目1），他们为什么认识这些特定的事情（项目2）以及可能改变这一目标的因素。人类记忆的基础模型为人们认为，人们对他人感知，过程并记住特定刺激的链（Hitch等，2018）。尽管显着目标倾向于吸引人们的注意力，但缺乏区别（例如，名声，个人相关性或其他非凡特征）的刺激却没有；因此，人们以后无法识别此类目标。例如，人们倾向于注意并记住与自己的型号相同的汽车（Bourgeois等，2016）。类似的汽车的自我交通不仅引起了人们的注意，而且还实现了有助于区分自己的车辆与其他车辆（如拥挤的停车场）的重要目的。在这里，注意力通过将认知资源定向到特定对象并编码以后使用（将我的密钥插入正确的车辆）来供内记忆。因此，事物的相关性及其独特性，因此协作以确定是否成功纪念它。因此，人们还记得对他们个人重要的人，地方和物体（Rogers等，1977），但也可能会记住他们脱颖而出的事情并不特别重要（例如，一群稀有的黑天鹅在一群白鸟中游泳；亨特，2003年）。在这里，我将确定个人基本行为特征（即亚临床自恋）的变异性如何预测人们的认识程度。在试点数据中，我的实验室发现，报告较高水平的亚临床自恋的人认识到面孔较少。项目1将确认此结果，并确定它是否也适用于非社交刺激。然后，项目2将通过测试与认知处理相关的各种因素如何解释这一点（例如努力，分心，视觉认知差异），从而挖掘出这种赤字的机制。最后，项目3将询问感知者的动机如何对这些机制做出贡献，同时间接地告知改善策略。这项研究将有助于通过将单个特征差异与记忆的基本功能和过程联系起来，从而阐明对思想和人类行为的基本知识。这样一来，这项工作将对个人在记住的事物，为什么记住，记住时以及这可能会根据人物的基本要素而变化的方式有更丰富的了解。