神经反馈作为无创脑刺激改善运动与认知功能中一种有效手段，在临床实践中具有显著应用价值。基于fMRI与EEG实时神经反馈实验，本项目将研究经颅磁刺激（TMS）和经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）的中枢靶点及神经传导回路。通过研究TMS/tDCS的中枢靶点及效应器回路与反馈调节作用之间的关系，我们将揭示反馈信号在提升其刺激效应中的神经编码与解码机制。通过建立新的反馈调节信号模式和新的反馈作用动态分析方法，我们将进一步揭示TMS/tDCS效应增强背后的神经机制，包括反馈信号的双向性、时变性、因果性及脑功能网络特性。针对脑中风和儿童偏瘫引起的运动与认知障碍，本项目将寻求最佳的TMS/tDCS刺激模式和功能影像范式组合，验证“无创脑刺激可以通过调节简单的运动功能进一步改善高级认知功能”和“正常脑功能的提升与疾病脑功能修缮共有相同的神经机制”这两个假设，为神经反馈改善脑功能及提高其临床作用提供新的理论与方法。

Neural feedback is an effective way in non-invasive brain stimulation for improving motor and cognitive functions, and has exhibited its significant value in clinical practice. Based upon the experiments using real time fMRI and EEG to study neural feedback, this proposed project will investigate the central targets of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and direct transcranial current stimulation (tDCS) and the neural pathways mediating their effects. By establishing the relationship between neural feedback’s modulating effects and the TMS/tDCS’ central target-effectors circuits, we will reveal the neural encoding and decoding mechanisms underlying the enhanced TMS/tDCS’ effects through neural feedback. We will further demonstrate functional brain networks mediating such enhancement by developing new feedback signaling paradigms and new dynamic analysis methods. The TMS/tDCS modulation and real time imaging approaches will be optimized and validated in order to provide new neural feedback theory and methodology for brain functional enhancement and treatment of motor and cognitive deficits in patients with cerebral hemiplegia.