肾细胞癌（RCC）是泌尿系常见恶性肿瘤，其中透明细胞癌（ccRCC）约占80%。RCC恶性程度高，容易漏诊和转移，提高RCC疗效的关键在于早期确诊和治疗。但是，迄今为止肾癌仍然缺乏简易、非侵袭性的早期诊断和治疗随访标志物。新近发现的miRNA为生物标志物的研究提供了一个新领域。我们前期的研究发现：血浆miR-144是ccRCC患者中唯一一个术前血浆水平显著高于术后、肾良性肿瘤和正常人水平的miRNA，其术后降至正常人水平；miR-144也是唯一一个在ccRCC组织与术前血浆中均高表达的miRNA。我们拟在此基础上，进一步筛选并验证血浆miR-144等miRNA成为RCC早期诊断、和/或鉴别肾脏良恶性肿瘤、治疗随访标志物的可能。为血浆miR-144作为RCC标志物的临床转化应用奠定基础，提高中国的肾癌诊治水平。

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a common malignant tumor of urologic system, of which about 80% is clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).RCC is a highly malignant, easily diagnosis-missed and metastasis cancer. The key of clinical improvement of RCC lies on early diagnosis and treatment. However, RCC still lacks of simple, non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis and follow-up during therapy. The study of miRNAs opens a new window to seek tumor biomarkers. Our preliminary data have showed that preoperative plasma miR-144 of ccRCC patients is the only plasma miRNA whose level is significantly higher than miR-144 from its postoperative plasma , from benign renal tumor patients' and healthy people's plasma, and its plasma level will reduce to normal level postoperatively. Furtherfore, plasma miR-144 is the only miRNA highly expressed in both renal cancer tissue and preoperative ccRCC plasma. Based on our previous studies, we plan to further screen and verify ccRCC plasma miRNA biomarker candidates such as miR-144, and expect to set up miR-144 or other possible miRNA as RCC biomarker which can be easily used in RCC for early diagnosis, identification between benign and malignant tumors, and /or treatment follow-up. The study will help the clinical transiton of RCC biomarker such as plasma miR-144 and improving the level of RCC diagnosis and treatment in China.