Variation in the human cannabinoid receptor CNR1 gene modulates gaze duration for happy faces.
Variation in the human cannabinoid receptor CNR1 gene modulates gaze duration for happy faces.
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DOI：
10.1186/2040-2392-2-10
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发表时间：
2011-06-29
期刊：
影响因子：
6.2
通讯作者：
Baron-Cohen S
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Chakrabarti B;Baron-Cohen S
从很小的时候起，人类看首选刺激的时间就更长，而且通常也会看更长时间的面部表情，特别是快乐的脸。对社会刺激的非典型凝视模式在自闭症谱系疾病(ASC)中很常见。然而，目前尚不清楚凝视模式是否有遗传基础。在这项研究中，我们测试了大麻素受体1(CNR1)基因的变异是否与凝视快乐面孔的时间有关。之所以选择这个基因，是因为CNR1是参与处理奖励的内源性大麻素系统的关键组成部分，在我们之前的功能磁共振成像(FMRI)研究中，我们发现CNR1的变异调节了纹状体对快乐(但不是厌恶)面孔的反应。纹状体参与将凝视引导到视觉场景中有益的方面。我们的目标是在另一个样本中使用不同的技术(凝视跟踪)来验证和扩展这一结果。来自普通人群的30名志愿者(13名男性和17名女性)观察了屏幕上动态的情绪表达，同时记录了他们的眼球运动。我们在早期的fMRI研究中测试了CNR1基因中相同的四个单核苷酸多态(SNPs)，并对它们进行了基因分型。两个SNP(rs806377和rs806380)与快乐(但不是厌恶)面孔的不同凝视持续时间相关。重要的是，在fMRI研究中，与纹状体对快乐面孔的更大反应相关的等位基因组与对快乐面孔的凝视时间更长相关。这些结果表明，CNR1变异调节了纹状体功能，而纹状体功能是社会奖励信号感知的基础，比如快乐的面孔。这表明，CNR1是感知某些基本情绪的分子结构中的一个关键元素。这可能对理解以非典型眼神接触和面部情绪处理为标志的神经发育状况，如ASC有一定意义。
From an early age, humans look longer at preferred stimuli and also typically look longer at facial expressions of emotion, particularly happy faces. Atypical gaze patterns towards social stimuli are common in autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is unknown whether gaze fixation patterns have any genetic basis. In this study, we tested whether variations in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CNR1) gene are associated with gaze duration towards happy faces. This gene was selected because CNR1 is a key component of the endocannabinoid system, which is involved in processing reward, and in our previous functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we found that variations in CNR1 modulate the striatal response to happy (but not disgust) faces. The striatum is involved in guiding gaze to rewarding aspects of a visual scene. We aimed to validate and extend this result in another sample using a different technique (gaze tracking). A total of 30 volunteers (13 males and 17 females) from the general population observed dynamic emotional expressions on a screen while their eye movements were recorded. They were genotyped for the identical four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CNR1 gene tested in our earlier fMRI study. Two SNPs (rs806377 and rs806380) were associated with differential gaze duration for happy (but not disgust) faces. Importantly, the allelic groups associated with a greater striatal response to happy faces in the fMRI study were associated with longer gaze duration at happy faces. These results suggest that CNR1 variations modulate the striatal function that underlies the perception of signals of social reward, such as happy faces. This suggests that CNR1 is a key element in the molecular architecture of perception of certain basic emotions. This may have implications for understanding neurodevelopmental conditions marked by atypical eye contact and facial emotion processing, such as ASC.
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DOI：
10.1038/npp.2009.200
发表时间：
2010-03
期刊：
Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
影响因子：
--
作者：
通讯作者：
--
影响因子：
2.1
作者：
Connellan, J;Baron-Cohen, S;Ahluwalia, J
通讯作者：
Ahluwalia, J
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
Fusco, FR;Martorana, A;Bernardi, G
通讯作者：
Bernardi, G
影响因子：
10.6
作者：
Di Martino, Adriana;Kelly, Clare;Grzadzinski, Rebecca;Zuo, Xi-Nian;Mennes, Maarten;Angeles Mairena, Maria;Lord, Catherine;Castellanos, F. Xavier;Milham, Michael P.
通讯作者：
Milham, Michael P.
DOI：
10.1111/j.2044-835x.1991.tb00862.x
发表时间：
1991-03-01
影响因子：
2.3
作者：
BUTTERWORTH, G;JARRETT, N
通讯作者：
JARRETT, N