Imaging learning: the search for a memory trace.
Imaging learning: the search for a memory trace.
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DOI：
10.1177/1073858410383696
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发表时间：
2011-04
期刊：
影响因子：
--
通讯作者：
Fields RD
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Fields RD
学习与人类大脑的结构变化有关，这可以通过核磁共振成像来观察和研究。在灰质中观察到这些变化，令人惊讶的是在白质组织中也观察到这些变化。学习各种各样的技能，从运动、电脑游戏、音乐和阅读，到抽象的智力学习，包括课堂学习，都与相应皮质区域或纤维束的结构变化有关。学习过程中脑组织的细胞变化包括神经元和神经胶质形态的变化以及血管的变化。轴突形态和髓鞘形成的改变都被认为有助于学习期间白质的可塑性，但程度取决于年龄。白质的结构变化可以通过提高皮层区域间调节行为的脉冲传递的速度或同步来促进学习。动作电位可以刺激少突胶质细胞的发育和髓鞘形成，至少有三种已知的机制，涉及轴突和少突胶质细胞之间的信号分子，不需要神经递质从突触释放。整合正常认知功能、发育和学习的细胞/分子和系统水平的研究信息，为学习的生物学机制和大脑中产生的结构变化提供了新的见解。
Learning is associated with structural changes in the human brain that can be seen and studied by MRI. These changes are observed in gray matter and surprisingly also in white matter tissue. Learning a wide range of skills, from sports, computer games, music, and reading, to abstract intellectual learning, including classroom study, is associated with structural changes in appropriate cortical regions or fiber tracts. The cellular changes underlying modifications of brain tissue during learning include changes in neuronal and glial morphology as well as vascular changes. Both alterations in axon morphology and myelination are thought to contribute to white matter plasticity during learning but to varying degrees depending on age. Structural changes in white matter could promote learning by improving the speed or synchrony of impulse transmission between cortical regions mediating the behavior. Action potentials can stimulate oligodendrocyte development and myelination by at least three known mechanisms that involve signaling molecules between axons and oligodendrocytes, which do not require neurotransmitter release from synapses. Integrating information from cellular/molecular and systems-level research on normal cognitive function, development, and learning is providing new insights into the biological mechanisms of learning and the structural changes produced in the brain.
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