Working memory
Working memory
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工作记忆
DOI：
10.4324/9781315111261-7
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发表时间：
2007
期刊：
影响因子：
168.9
通讯作者：
Henry H. Wheeler
中科院分区：
文献类型：
--
作者：
Henry H. Wheeler
在过去的几十年里，我们对记忆功能的神经基础的理解取得了迅速的进步。许多关于记忆功能的神经心理学和神经生理学研究揭示了一个可分离的过程系统，而不是一个单一的系统。神经解剖学研究将这些可分离的过程映射到分布式神经网络上，而神经药理学研究表明，不同的神经递质系统在不同的记忆过程中扮演着不同的角色。因此，记忆并不局限于一个大脑区域，也不局限于一个神经递质系统。心理学家和神经学家提出的记忆功能的理论区别为理解记忆障碍的症状提供了一个有意义的框架。此外，在了解记忆功能的神经解剖学和神经化学基础方面的进展可能会产生新的治疗方法。记忆最常见的理论分类是区分短期记忆和长期记忆。在临床实践中，短期记忆和长期记忆这两个术语用来描述记忆过程是不准确的。许多临床医生将最近获得的信息(例如，你早餐吃了什么)描述为短期记忆，而将遥远过去的记忆(例如，你上一次假期做了什么)描述为长期记忆。然而，这种合理的区别并不符合实验得出的记忆功能模型(Squire和Schachter，2002；Tulving，1985)。短期记忆被恰当地定义为在信息被整合到长期记忆之前暂时存储(几秒钟)的能力。短期记忆是通过床边测试来检查的，比如数字广度(例如，“立即给我重复这些数字：4，3，7，1，5，0，6”)。神经学健康受试者的平均跨度通常是六到七位数(Lezak，1995)。相比之下，长期记忆被恰当地定义为学习新信息并在一段时间后回忆这些信息的能力。测试长期记忆力的方法是让患者学习必须在一段时间后在分心的情况下提取的项目(例如，在执行其他任务1分钟后回忆起三个项目--猫、苹果、桌子)。远程记忆是长期记忆的一种形式，是过去巩固的信息。可以通过让受试者记住过去的公共事件(例如，“第一个人什么时候登上月球？”)来进行测试。或个人事件(例如你上一次度假去哪里了？神经学健康的受试者应该在短暂的分心延迟后很容易地回忆起三件事，或者准确地回忆起他们最近或遥远的过去的事件。本章将关注更现代的短期记忆概念，称为工作记忆(Baddeley，1986；2003)。工作记忆指的是对刚刚经历或从长期记忆中提取但不再存在于外部环境中的信息的暂时保持。这些内部表征是短暂的，但可以通过积极的排练策略保持更长的时间，并可以受到各种操作的影响，这些操作以一种使其对目标导向行为有用的方式来操纵信息。工作记忆是一个在认知中至关重要的系统，在执行许多其他认知功能的过程中似乎是必要的，如推理、语言理解、规划和空间处理。同样，几乎所有的日常活动
Our understanding of the neural basis of memory function has advanced rapidly during the past few decades. Numerous neuropsychological and neurophysiological studies of memory function reveal a system of dissociable processes, not a unitary system. Neuroanatomical studies map these dissociable processes onto distributed neural networks whereas neuropharmacological studies reveal that different neurotransmitter systems play distinct roles in the various memory processes. Thus, memory is not localized to one brain region or restricted to one neurotransmitter system. The theoretical distinctions of memory functions developed by psychologists and neuroscientists provide a meaningful framework for understanding the symptoms of memory disorders. Moreover, new therapies will likely arise from advances in understanding the neuroanatomical and neurochemical underpinnings of memory function. The most common theoretical classification of memory distinguishes short-term and long-term memory. In clinical practice, the terms short-term and long-term memory are used imprecisely to describe memory processes. Many clinicians describe recently acquired information (e.g., what you had for breakfast) as shortterm memory, and memories from the distant past (e.g., what you did during your last vacation) as long-term memory. However, this sensible distinction does not conform to experimentally derived models of memory function (Squire and Schachter, 2002; Tulving, 1985). Short-term memory is properly defined as the ability to store information temporarily (for seconds) before it is consolidated into long-term memory. Short-term memory is examined with a bedside test such as digit span (e.g., “Repeat these digits immediately back to me: 4, 3, 7, 1, 5, 0, 6”). The average span of neurologically healthy subjects is usually six to seven digits (Lezak, 1995). In contrast, long-term memory is properly defined as the ability to learn new information and recall this information after some time has passed. Long-term memory is tested by asking the patient to learn items that must be retrieved after an interval with distraction (e.g. recall of three items – cat, apple, table – after 1 minute of performing some other task). Remote memory, a form of long-term memory, is information that was consolidated in the past. It can be tested by asking the subject to remember past public events (e.g., “When did the first person land on themoon?”) or personal events (e.g. “Where did you go on your last vacation?”). Neurologically healthy subjects should easily recall three items after a short distracted delay or accurately recall events from their recent or distant past. This chapter will focus on the more modern notion of short-term memory, called working memory (Baddeley, 1986; 2003). Working memory refers to the temporary maintenance of information that was just experienced or just retrieved from long-term memory but no longer exists in the external environment. These internal representations are short-lived, but can be maintained for longer periods of time through active rehearsal strategies, and can be subjected to various operations that manipulate the information in such a way that makes it useful for goal-directed behavior. Working memory is a system that is critically important in cognition and seems necessary in the course of performing many other cognitive functions such as reasoning, language comprehension, planning, and spatial processing. Likewise, almost any daily activity
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DOI：
10.1080/01688639108405107
发表时间：
1991-11-01
影响因子：
2.2
作者：
ANDERSON, SW;DAMASIO, H;TRANEL, D
通讯作者：
TRANEL, D
影响因子：
21.1
作者：
M. Bannon;R. Roth
通讯作者：
M. Bannon;R. Roth
DOI：
10.1016/s0926-6410(98)00004-4
发表时间：
1998-07-01
期刊：
COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH
影响因子：
--
作者：
D'Esposito, M;Aguirre, GK;Lease, J
通讯作者：
Lease, J
脑成像和认知神经科学。
DOI：
10.1037//0003-066x.51.1.13
发表时间：
1996
期刊：
The American psychologist
影响因子：
--
作者：
Sarter,M;Berntson,GG;Cacioppo,JT
通讯作者：
Cacioppo,JT
DOI：
10.1016/s0926-6410(02)00196-9
发表时间：
2003-02-01
期刊：
COGNITIVE BRAIN RESEARCH
影响因子：
--
作者：
Mottaghy, FM;Pascual-Leone, A;Krause, BJ
通讯作者：
Krause, BJ