A Study of the Neuromuscular Control and Mechanical Linkage System

节能是通过减少惯性或 可移动部件的加速阻力，特别是 这些部件需要快速改变速度。 一 最小化惯性的方法是重新分配物体的质量， 振荡分量，使得质心更接近 支点 这对于移动缓慢的部件可能不重要， 但是对于必须改变速度的部件来说非常重要， 迅速 也许这种结构的最好的自然例子 设计是鸟类翅膀的设计。 令人惊讶的是，很少 实验研究的重点是内部控制 这种高度衍生和进化的生物力学 成功的运动系统 尽管飞行方式不同 似乎选择压力的作用是保持 鸟类前肢的基本设计。 这个研究项目将探索特定的进化 鸟类运动的成功 系统 结果的解释将与 历史上的四足动物肢体设计 限制前肢飞行力学，而压力 生理优化驱动现有系统向 最大效率

Energy conservation is achieved by reducing the inertia or resistance to acceleration of the moveable parts, particularly those parts that are required to change velocity rapidly. One way to minimize inertia is the redistribution of mass of an oscillating component such that the center of mass is closer to the pivot. This may be unimportant for parts that move slowly, but is highly significant for parts that must change velocity rapidly. Perhaps the finest natural example of this structural design is that of the avian wing. Surprisingly, very few experimental investigations have focused on the internal control and biomechanics of this highly derived and evolutionarily successful locomotor system. And despite variations in flight styles it appears that selection pressures act to retain the basic design of the avian forelimb among the various species. This research project will explore specific evolutionary adaptations responsible for the success of the avian locomotor system. The interpretation of the results will be viewed with the understanding that historical tetrapod limb design imposed constraints on forelimb flight mechanics while pressures of physiological optimization drive the existing system toward maximum efficiency.