Physical Properties and Structural-Stratographic Variations of Frazil, Platlet and Congelation Sea Ice, Ross Sea, Antarctica

该项目是对罗斯海南极冰原的力学和结构特性的研究，目的是确定各种冰的地理变动性，南极冰原中活跃的变形过程，以及冰雪覆盖的南大洋的大规模热力学和热交换过程。本项目确定了四个具体目标：(1)确定罗斯海浮冰中冰、血小板和凝结冰的比例；(2)研究这些冰类型的盐度差异，并研究盐度变化是否与冰结构和地层有关；(3)记录了冰粒和血小板冰的粒度和形态变化及其与盐度差异的关系；(4)对盐水排除过程的调查，以及盐是如何从海冰中流失的。冰的种类不同是冰形成的环境不同的结果；巴西冰是在过冷的海水中形成的，通常是通过风或波浪引起的湍流形成的，而血小板冰和凝冰是在静止条件下形成的。冰的比例（据观察，在威德尔海浮冰中，冰的比例通常超过50%）是上层海洋能量平衡的一个重要变量，有助于我们理解海洋中盐、沉积物和微生物的再分配。并将提高我们对新一代极轨卫星获得的微波和合成孔径雷达海冰图像的理解。

This project is an examination of the mechanical and structural properties of the antarctic ice pack in the Ross Sea, with the goal of defining the geographical variability of various ice types, the deformation processes that are active in the antarctic ice pack, and the large-scale thermodynamics and heat exchange processes of the ice-covered Southern Ocean. Four specific objectives have been defined for this project: (1) A determination of the fraction of frazil, platelet, and congelation ice of the Ross Sea pack ice; (2) an examination of differences in the salinities of these ice types, and a study of whether salinity variations are related to ice structure and stratigraphy; (3) a documentation of grain size and morphology variations in frazil and platelet ice and their relation to salinity differences; and (4) an investigation of the brine exclusion process, and how salt is lost from the sea ice. Differences in ice types are the result of differences in the environment in which the ice forms; frazil ice is formed in supercooled sea water, normally through wind or wave-induced turbulence, while platelet and congelation ice is formed under quiescent conditions. The fraction of frazil ice (which has been observed to be generally in excess of 50% in Weddell Sea ice floes) is an important variable in the energy budget of the upper ocean, and contributes to our understanding of the redistribution of salt, sediment, and micro-organisms in the ocean, and will improve our understanding of microwave and synthetic aperture radar images of sea ice to be obtained form a new generation of polar orbiting satellites.