Social Legitimation of Science in the Scientific Revolution

科学革命不仅仅是一种科学理论或体系被另一种科学理论或体系推翻。它也代表了新制度或新理论的倡导者从旧制度或新理论的倡导者的权威位置上的位移。在现代，我们可以在分配研究经费、邀请演讲等方面看到这一点。有些事情是相当可悲的，例如，众所周知的果蝇遗传学家，他的实验室不再得到资助，他没有更多的研究生，他没有得到参加国际会议的旅费补助。很多时候，这些被取代的科学家（或者更确切地说，那些理论被取代的科学家）最终会在他们的院系教授入门课程，或者更安全的是，教授科学史和科学哲学课程。不用说，对新理论的抵制带有社会和智力的成分。在这项资助下，Biagioli博士正在研究这种社会和智力过程，因为它是在现代科学开始时发展起来的。他正在完成对伽利略的职业生涯以及哥白尼主义和数学方法合法化的策略的分析。Biagioli博士发现，在当时公认的学术体系下建立的学科等级制度使数学从属于哲学和神学。因此，伽利略需要提高他的社会和学科地位，以使哥白尼的天文学和数学物理合法化。然而，由于数学家在大学里无法获得哲学家那样的地位，伽利略把目光投向了其他地方。他的职业生涯沿着从大学到法院（在那里他成为第一个获得“哲学家”头衔的数学家）的社会专业升级轨迹发展，最终进入新成立的科学院——以及“新哲学家”可以决定自己游戏规则的机构。在这项资助下，Biagioli博士专门研究伽利略在第一个科学机构——意大利科学院的活动，以及他通过该机构的权威为哥白尼主义制定的合法化策略。这项工作不仅提供了一个具体的案例研究，而且汇集了他已经开发的一系列分析。此外，在更广泛的范围内，这项研究说明了社会和智力两方面的策略，新科学体系的倡导者必须使用这些策略来取代他们的对手，并为他们的研究获得支持来源。

A scientific revolution represents more than the overthrow of one scientific theory or system by another. It also represents the displacement from positions of authority of the advocates of the old by advocates new system or theory. In modern times, we see this in the dispensation of research grants, invitations to give talks, etc. There is something rather pathetic about, for example, the proverbial fruit fly geneticist whose lab is no longer funded, who has no more graduate students, and who doesn't get travel grants to the international congresses. Too often, these displaced scientists (or rather, scientists whose theories have been displaced) wind up teaching the introductory courses or, perhaps safer, the history and philosophy of science courses in their departments| Needless to say, the resistance to new theories thus carries with it a social as well as intellectual component. Under this grant, Dr. Biagioli is looking at this social and intellectual process as it developed at the start of modern science. He is completing his analysis of Galileo's career and strategies for the legitimation of Copernicanism and the mathematical method. Dr. Biagioli has found that disciplinary hierarchies established under the then accepted scholastic system held mathematics to be subordinate to philosophy and theology. Consequently, Galileo needed to increase his social and disciplinary status in order to legitimize Copernican astronomy and mathematical physics. However, as mathematicians could not obtain the higher status of philosophers within the university, Galileo looked elsewhere. His career traces a trajectory of socio-professional escalation away from the university toward the court (where he became the first mathematician to obtain the title of "philosopher"), finally landing in the newly created scientific academy--and institutions in which the "new philosophers" could dictate the rules of their own game. Under this grant, Dr. Biagioli is specifically studying Galileo's activity within the first scientific institution, the Accademia dei Lincei, and the strategies for the legitimation of Copernicanism he developed through the authority of that institution. This work offers not only a specific case study, but brings together a range of analyses that he has already developed. Further, on a broader scale, this study illustrates the strategies, both social and intellectual, which advocates of a new scientific system must use in order to displace their adversaries and gain access to sources of support for their research.