A Reprise of Size and R&D

熊彼特和加尔布雷思假设， 更低的成本和更高的回报，因此， 预计将在创新领域发挥不成比例的作用， 相对于其规模而言。许多研究 研究了企业规模与R D努力之间的关系。 研究结果表明，在多式联运行业内， 规模门槛，R D努力并不随企业规模的增加而成比例地增加 尺寸显然未能支持熊彼特主义者 假设，然而，这些程式化的事实在很大程度上是 忽视最初假设公司利用他们的创新 通过他们自己的销售，由于创新的增长是 在当前输出的条件下，该项目使用一个简单的模型， 解释这些程式化的事实。该模型用于解释 也观察到了与模态关系的偏离。的 目的是解释行业因素--特别是动态因素 产业内部的因素和可占用性机制-- 制约企业规模与研发的关系。使用数据 来自联邦贸易委员会的商业项目， 专利数据汇编自谢勒和数据来自莱文等人。 技术机会和可利用条件调查 在美国制造业，该模型进行了测试，看看是否 正确假设的影响关系的因素 被指定。 项目中使用的模型提供了一种独特的解释 R D努力与企业规模之间的比例关系 在研发人员中。在过去，比例原则被广泛地 解释为表示没有特别的优点或 研发规模的劣势。然而，在这个模型中， 比例关系反映了预期之间的联系 R D的收益和公司的事前产出。它提出在 规模较大的公司将从任何给定的研发努力中获得更大的回报 这意味着规模和研发的优势。因此，在本发明中， 导致熊彼特学派被拒绝的程式化事实 假设，即R D努力之间的比例关系 和公司的规模，实际上可能揭示了规模的优势。一个 这个论点的一个重要含义是， 创新是企业规模一个越来越大的函数，这意味着 在研发方面的优势。

Schumpeter and Galbraith hypothesized that larger firms experience lower costs and greater returns from R&D and as a consequence would be expected to perform a disproportionate share of innovative activity relative to their size. Numerous studies of the relationship between firm size and R&D effort have been conducted. The findings are that within the modal industry, above a modest size threshold, R&D effort does not rise proportionally with firm size. Having apparently failed to support the Schumpeterian hypothesis, however, these stylized facts have been largely ignored. Initially assuming that firms exploit their innovations through their own sales and that growth due to innovation is conditioned by current output, this project uses a simple model to explain these stylized facts. The model is then used to explain observed departures from the modal relationships as well. The objective is to explain how industry factors - particularly dynamic factors and appropriability mechanisms within industries -- condition the relationship between firm size and R&D. Using data from the Federal Trade Commission's Line of Business Program, patent data compiled from Scherer and data from the Levin et al. survey on technological opportunity and appropriability conditions in U.S. manufacturing industries, the model is tested to see if the correctly postulated factors that condition the relationship have been specified. The model used in the project provides a distinctive interpretation of the proportional relationship betweeen R&D effort and firm size among R&D performers. In the past, proportionality has been widely interpreted to indicate that there are no particular advantages or disadvantages of size in R&D. In this model, however, the proportional relationship reflects the link between the expected returns from R&D and the firm's ex ante output. It suggests that larger firms will earn greater returns from any given R&D effort than smaller firms, implying an advantage of size and R&D. Thus, the stylized fact that led to the rejection of the Schumpeterian hypothesis, namely the proportional relationship between R&D effort and firm size, may actually reveal an advantage of size. An important implication of the argument is that the returns to innovation are an increasing function of firm size, implying an advantage to firm size in R&D.