Openness, Secrecy, Authorship, and Intellectual Property

公开性、保密性、著作权和知识产权问题 仍然是科学和技术研究的核心问题。 法国人和美国人之间目前关于 艾滋病毒的发现或对中情局机密的批评 罗切斯特理工学院的资助研究是 这仅仅是可能出现的冲突的两个例子， 这些问题 设立科学诚信办公室 在NIH和NSF的监察长办公室， 这表明政府对这些问题的重视。 问题. 然而，从任何意义上说，这些都不是新问题。 下 在这次拨款中，朗博士正在继续她的起源调查， 对公开、保密、作者身份和 知识产权在近代兴起之前的时期 科学革命中的科学技术。 她认为 这些态度和信念的最重要来源 包括实用的、技术的和军事的著作和工艺 行会文件。 在这项研究中，朗博士正在评估 传统的实际作者影响了发展， 新实验科学的开放性理念。 在同一 然而，随着时间的推移，她发现人们对保密的兴趣越来越大， 优先权、知识产权、专利和特权。 她是 研究这些竞争中产生的冲突， 利益 她的研究最后分析了 哪种科学方法论受到了这些问题的影响 已经在先前的实践传统中得到了阐述。 本研究 承诺丰富我们对当代科学基础的理解， 就这些问题进行辩论。

Issues of openness, secrecy, authorship, and intellectual property remain of central concern in scientific and technical research. The current debate between the French and Americans over the discovery of the HIV virus or the criticism of classified CIA- supported research at the Rochester Institute of Technology are just two of many examples of conflicts that can arise concerning these issues. The creation of an office of scientific integrity at the NIH and an Inspector General's Office at NSF are manifestations of the importance government has attached to these questions. Yet these are not in any sense new problems. Under this grant, Dr. Long is continuing her investigation of the origins of beliefs and attitudes towards openness, secrecy, authorship and intellectual property in the period before the rise of modern science and technology in the scientific revolution. She argues that the most important sources for these attitudes and beliefs consist of practical, technical and military writings and craft guild documents. In this study, Dr. Long is evaluating the ways in which prior traditions of practical authorship influenced the development of an ideal of openness in the new experimental science. At the same time, however, she has found a rising interest in secrecy, priority, intellectual property, patents and privileges. She is examining the conflicts that emerged from these competing interests. Her study concludes with an analysis of the ways in which scientific methodology was influenced by such issues as they had been elaborated in prior practical traditions. This research promises to enrich our understanding of the bases for contemporary debate over these issues.