Development of Strongly Focusing Hard X-ray Optics for Brilliant Synchrotron Radiation Sources

该奖项提供了一半的资金， 在先进的聚焦硬X射线所需的仪器 光子源（APS）。剩余的必要资金将 芝加哥大学代表联合会 先进辐射源（汽车）现有能力 X射线聚焦单色仪和反射镜不足以拍摄 充分利用了APS的非凡辐射。 它们要么使用大的聚焦长度，从而限制了它们的来源 缩小，或仅聚焦透射的一小部分， 辐射到所需的小横截面。而且他们 不能承受APS X射线束施加的高热负荷。 这项仪器开发的目的是使 新的实验类别，提供显着的改善， X射线光学系统的线性空间分辨率和稳定性 在APS使用的仪器。的技术来 影响包括：X射线吸收光谱从小或 从地质样品到金属蛋白质的稀释样品; 显微断层扫描和X射线荧光微探针分析 从植物根到陨石的各种样品;微晶 来自沸石和金属簇化合物的衍射;面内 掠入射时液体样品的表面衍射; 液体表面反射率测量.小角度 从聚合物和大分子组件散射， 肌肉;和时间分辨能量色散光谱， 催化剂的所有这些技术都需要聚焦事件 X射线到一个非常小的横截面，只能容忍轻微的 增加光束的角会聚。的改善 空间分辨率和亮度允许使用较小体积的 材料，将允许时间分辨的研究，一般来说， 提高所有技术的灵敏度。所得 科学家和研究小组将使用仪器， 是汽车的成员，包括地球上的工作人员 科学、化学、材料研究和生物科学。所有 仪器设计开发将提供给整个 科学社区与APS的科学应用。

This award provides one-half the funding necessary to develop instrumentation that is needed to focus hard X-rays at the Advanced Photon Source (APS). The remaining necessary funds are to be committed by the University of Chicago on behalf of the Consortium for Advanced Radiation Sources (CARS). The capabilities of existing X-ray focusing monochromators and mirrors are inadequate to take full advantage of the extraordinarily brilliant radiation at APS. They use either large focusing lengths, thus limiting their source demagnification, or focus only a small fraction of the transmitted radiation into the required small cross-section. Furthermore, they cannot withstand the high heat load imposed by the APS X-ray beam. The purpose of this instrumentation development is to enable new classes of experiments by providing significant improvement in the linear spatial resolution and stability of X-ray optical instrumentation to be used at the APS. Techniques which are affected include: X-ray absorption spectroscopy from small or dilute samples ranging from geological samples to metallo-proteins; microtomography and X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis of samples as diverse as plant roots and meteorites; micro-crystal diffraction from zeolites and metal cluster compounds; in-plane surface diffraction from liquid samples at grazing incidence; reflectivity measurements from liquid surfaces; small angle scattering from polymers and macromolecular assemblies including muscle; and time-resolved energy-dispersive spectroscopy from catalysts. All of these techniques require focusing of the incident X-rays to a very small cross-section and can tolerate only a minor increase in angular convergence of the beam. The improvements in spatial resolution and brilliance allows use of smaller volumes of materials, will permit time-resolved studies, and in general improve the sensitivity of all techniques. The resulting instrumentation will be used by scientists and research groups that are members of CARS, including workers in the areas of earth sciences, chemistry, materials research and the biosciences. All instrument design developments will be made available to the entire science community with science applications at APS.